Kafukufuku wa anthu. masinthidwe Chromosomal anthu

anthu kusintha akuimira kusintha komwe kumachitika mu chipinda pa mlingo DNA. Iwo akhoza kukhala a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku wa anthu akhoza kukhala pakatikati. Pankhaniyi, pali n'chimodzimodzi M'MALO nucleoid. Kusintha kungakhale koopsa. Iwo yodziwika ndi zotsatira kwambiri phenotypic. Komanso anthu kusintha zikhonza kukhala zothandiza. Pankhaniyi, kusintha ndi yaing'ono phenotypic kwenikweni. Tsopano tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane mmene kusintha anthu. Zitsanzo za kusintha adzapatsidwa nkhaniyi.

Gawo

Kupeza osiyanasiyana masinthidwe. Ena mwa magawo ali, nayenso, gulu yake. Makamaka, pali masinthidwe zotsatirazi:

• Somatic.
• Khromozomu.
• Cytoplasmic.
• masinthidwe kutengera mapangidwe anthu ndi mitundu ina.

Kusintha zikuchitika mchikakamizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mmodzi wa milandu momveka bwino kusintha ngati ankaona Chernobyl. Masinthidwe a anthu pambuyo pa ngoziyo anayamba nthawi yomweyo. Komabe, pa nthawi anakhala ndi yapadera kwambiri.

Anthu chromosomal masinthidwe

kusintha yodziwika ndi kuvutika structural. The yopuma khromozomu zimachitika. Iwo limodzi ndi rearrangements osiyana mu dongosolo la. N'chifukwa chiyani pali masinthidwe anthu? Chifukwa chiri mu zinthu kunja:

• Thupi. Zikuphatikizapo Popanga madzi a gamma ndi X-ray, ultraviolet padzuwa, kutentha (mkulu / otsika) m'munda atomu, kuthamanga, ndi zina zotero.
• Mankhwala. Izi zikuphatikizapo alcohols, cytostatics, salt heavy, phenols ndi mankhwala ena.
• Tizilombo. Zikuphatikizapo mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina.

kukonzanso mowiriza

Kafukufuku wa anthu Pankhaniyi ukapezeka m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa. Komabe, kusintha kumeneku zimapezeka chikhalidwe n'zochepa kwambiri: 1 miliyoni magazini a makamaka jini 1-100 milandu. Scientist JBS Haldane kudziwa imabwera avareji kusintha lachibadwa. Zinali m'badwo 5 * 10-5. Mowiriza chitukuko kumatengera zifukwa kunja ndi mkati - mutational kuthamanga sing'anga.

mbali

masinthidwe Chromosomal ali makamaka wachinsinsi monga zoipa. Pathologies kuti kukhala chifukwa cha reorganizations, nthawi zambiri atakwatirana ndi moyo. Monga makhalidwe cha masinthidwe chromosomal mtima mwangozi kusintha. Chifukwa cha iwo anapanga angapo latsopano "Mgwirizano". kusintha awa reshaping ntchito jini, kugawa zinthu mu matupi athu mwangozi. phindu dziphunzitsiranso anatsimikiza mu ndondomeko kusankha.

Chromosomal masinthidwe: Gawo

Pali zinthu zitatu kwa kusintha kumeneku. Makamaka kutali ISO, inter- ndi masinthidwe intrachromosomal. Last yodziwika ndi kuvutika (aberatsiyami). Iwo amadziwika chimango cha khromozomu limodzi. kusintha gulu monga:

• Deletions. masinthidwe chikuimira imfa mkati mwa mwina mapeto gawo la khromozomu lapansi. The kukonzanso kwa mtundu umenewu zingachititse zambiri anomalies pa embryonic chitukuko (mwachitsanzo, obadwa nawo a mtima chilema mtundu).
• Inversion. kusintha imeneyi imaphatikizapo kasinthasintha wa khromozomu mpukutu digiri 180. ndi kuziika izo pa malo omwe kale. Pankhaniyi, dongosolo la zinthu structural wathyoka, koma zimenezi sizitanthauza bwanji fenotayipi, ngati palibe zinthu zina.
• Duplications. Iwo akuyimira chulutsa khromozomu mpukutu. Chotero kupatuka mwakale amakwiya anthu heritable masinthidwe.

Interchromosomal kusintha (translocations) amatumizidwa pakati pa zinthu za mbali imene chibadwa ofanana. kusintha amenewa anawagawa:

• Robertsonian. Aumbike m'malo awiri zomvetsera DNA metacentric acrocentric.
• Nonreciprocal. Pankhaniyi, avundulidwe gawo la khromozomu wina ndi mzake.
• Reciprocal. Pansi rearrangements izi amatumizidwa pakati pa zinthu ziwiri.

Izohromosomnye masinthidwe uka chifukwa mapangidwe makope chromosomal malo galasi wa ena awiri, amene ali likulowa jini chomwecho. kupatuka amenewa mwakale anatchula centric pawiri chifukwa chakuti mtanda chromatid kulekana kunachitika ndi centromere.

Mitundu ya kusintha

Pali structural ndi n'zosangalatsa kumva chromosomal masinthidwe. inawo, nayenso, anawagawa aneuploidy (maonekedwe izi (trisomy) kapena imfa (monosomy) zinthu zina) ndi polyploidy (kuti kuwonjezeka khola chiwerengero chawo). Kandalama ziŵalo anapereka inversions, deletions, translocations, insertions, ndi isochromosome centric mphete.

Mogwirizana zosiyanasiyana rearrangements

masinthidwe kutengera mapangidwe ndi kusintha osiyana chiwerengero cha zinthu structural. Gene masinthidwe ndi monyanyira mu kapangidwe ka chibadwa. masinthidwe Chromosomal bwanji Kapangidwe ka DNA okha. Oyamba ndi otsiriza, nayenso, ndi gulu lomwelo ndi polyploidy ndi aneuploidy. Kukonzanso kusintha pakati pa iwo ndi Robertsonian translocation. masinthidwe izi amaphatikizidwa mu malangizo amenewa, ndi lingaliro la mankhwala monga "chromosomal chosayenerera". Pamafunikanso:

• Somatic kudwala. Zikuphatikizapo cheza kudwala, mwachitsanzo.
• matenda Intrauterine. Zimakhala mowiriza mimba, padera.
• matenda Chromosomal. Zikuphatikizapo ozerezeka, ndi ena.

Pakali pano, za zana kudziwika anomalies. Onse anali kuphunzira ndi anafotokoza. Monga syndromes wasonyeza pafupifupi 300 mitundu.

Features cha kuvutika kobadwa nako

masinthidwe cholowa amene timapemphera mwachilungamo kwambiri. gulu amakhala ndi zilema angapo mu chitukuko. Anapanga chifukwa cha kuyan'anila za kusintha kwambiri mu DNA lapansi. Zotupa kumachitika nthawi umuna, gamete kusasitsa, magawo koyamba kulekana kwa dzira. Kulephera angayambe ngakhale pamene merging mwangwiro wathanzi maselo makolo. Zimenezi ndi lero simungakhoze lizilamuliridwa ndi sizikudziwika bwinobwino.

Zotsatira za kusintha

Zovuta cha masinthidwe chromosomal amakhala akumane kwambiri kwa munthuyo. Nthawi zambiri zoyambitsa:

• Mu 70% - mowiriza mimba.
• Malformations.
• Pa 7.2% - nthayo.
• Mapangidwe zotupa.

Against maziko a mlingo wa zotupa chromosomal kuvutika ziwalo chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana: mtundu wa anomalies, amaika kapena osakwanira zinthu mu khromozomu munthu, mmene chilengedwe, ndi genotype wa chamoyo.

magulu pathologies

Onse matenda chromosomal anawagawa m'magulu awiri. Choyamba ndi kuphwanya chikwiyire chiwerengero cha zinthu. pathologies izi zimapanga zambiri za matenda chromosomal. Kupatula trisomies, monosomy ndi zina polysomes mu gulu ili monga tetraploidy ndi triploidy (pa imfa yawo amapezeka kapena m'mimba kapena maola ochepa woyamba atabadwa). Nthawi zambiri wapezeka ozerezeka. Bukuli lili ndi nthenda ya kumtundu. syndrome pansi chikutchedwa dzina la dokotala, amene anafotokoza mu 1886. Pakali pano, syndrome izi ndiyo kuphunzira za kuvutika zonse chromosomal. Chosayenerera amapezeka pafupifupi mmodzi mwa 700. Gulu lachiwiri zikuphatikizapo matenda oyamba ndi kusintha kandalama DNA. Zizindikiro za pathologies zikuphatikizapo:

• Growth retardation.
• Mental retardation.
• Roundness mphuno.
• Nato diso ndegeyo.
• zopindika mtima (kobadwa nako) ndi ena.

Matenda ena amayamba ndi kusintha topangira DNA kugonana. Odwala masinthidwe amenewa alibe ana. Pakali pano, palibe bwino anayamba etiological zochizira matenda amenewa. Komabe, matenda angathe kupewedwa mwa matenda akalandire chithandizo.

Ntchito pa zamoyo wa

Against maziko a kusintha kutchulidwa mu zikhalidwe za masinthidwe kale zoipa zingakhale zothandiza. Chifukwa cha kusintha amenewa amaonedwa kukhala mfundo kusankha. Ngati kusintha si anakhudzidwa ndi "chete" DNA zidutswa kapena iye amakwiya panafunika wina mpukutu n'chimodzimodzi code, monga ulamuliro, zilibe kuonekera mwanjira iliyonse mu fenotayipi lapansi. Komabe, kusintha akhoza wapezeka. Chifukwa chaichi, njira kusanthula mbewu. Chifukwa chakuti kusintha kumachitika chifukwa kukhudzana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, ndiye, poganiza kuti makhalidwe chachikulu cha chilengedwe akhala zikutsatiridwa, zikuoneka kuti masinthidwe kuoneka pafupifupi pa pafupipafupi nthawi zonse. Zimenezi ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphunzira phylogeny - ndi kusanthula zimakhalira ndi chiyambi cha taxa osiyana, kuphatikizapo munthu. Mogwirizana ndi kusintha mu "chete majini" mulandu ofufuza monga "wotchi maselo." chiphunzitso amadziwikanso zochokera pa mfundo yakuti kwambiri kusintha ndi ndale. mlingo awo kudzikundikira mu jini makamaka ndi ofooka kapena kwathunthu palokha wa chikoka cha kusankha zamoyo. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa amakhala nthawi zonse nthawi yaitali. Komabe, majini osiyanasiyana mwamphamvu kuti zitero.

pomaliza

Kuphunzira limagwirira wa zosayembekezereka, pofuna kukwaniritsa rearrangements mu asidi kwa mayitirokondiriyoni deoxyribonucleic, amene anatembenukira kwa ana kupyola mu mzere akuchikazi, ndi Y-DNA, wadutsa kuchokera ku bambo, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito lero zokwanira mu zamoyo chisinthiko. Anasonkhanitsa, kusanthula ndi zipangizo systematized, zotsatira kafukufuku ntchito maphunziro a magwero a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mafuko. Zofunika kwenikweni mudziwe cha kukhazikitsanso mapangidwe kwachilengedwenso ndi chitukuko cha anthu.