Kodi akuluakulu mu State Duma ambiri?

chiwerengero cha akuluakulu mu State Duma wa Russian Constitution imalongosola. Asanabwere ake, ndipo zaka zoposa ziwiri, lamulo sanasinthe kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo mbiri ya parliamentarism Russian yaitali. Tiyeni tipeze akuluakulu angati mu State Duma la Russia, komanso ena popitiriza wa kugwira ntchito kwa thupi ndi mbiri yake.

Magwero a Russian aphungu

Musanayambe tikupeza akuluakulu angati mu State Duma, tiyeni tifufuze magwero a parliamentarism Russian.

The yamalamulo woyamba m'dziko lathu, wotchedwa - The State Duma, anaonekera pa nthawi ya Russian Ufumu. maziko ake anali ngati chilolezo kwa anthu a Mafumu, amene ankafuna ufulu nawo zoyendetsera dziko, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zisinthe yosatha ya 1905. Ndiye Mfumu Nicholas II inaika lamulo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Duma. Komabe, zochita zake sanali kumangako, koma chabe zimasonyeza.

Kale mu December 1905 ndi convocation loyamba la thupi aphungu movutikira. chiwerengero cha akuluakulu mu State Duma anali anthu 448. Ambiri a iwo anali wopangidwa mwa tuzigawo twa wa demokalase oyendetsera dziko (153), Trudoviks (anthu 97) ndi autonomists (anthu 63). 105 maguluwo osati mayina ndi chipani chilichonse. Chigawo choyamba cha Duma wa convocation izi kunayamba April 1906, koma ntchito kwa masiku 72 okha July ndipo kusungunuka malinga ndi lamulo lachifumu.

Duma wa convocation chachiwiri ntchito mu zoyambirira za 1907. Panthawi imeneyi, chiwerengero cha akuluakulu mu State Duma anali anthu 518. Tsopano, ambiri anali ku Trudoviks (104 ziwanga) ndi Cadets ziwanga 98 yokha. Kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma Duma zinachitikadi mu June 1907, pamene thupi aphungu anali kusungunuka pa malingaliro a kukayikitsa Pofuna ena a anthu ake kuti achite chiwembu.

Duma wa convocation wachitatu ntchito kuchokera 1907 mpaka 1912. 446 ziwanga zinali. Panthawi imeneyi, anthu ambiri anali mu Octo - anthu 154.

Kodi akuluakulu mu State Duma wa otsiriza, wachinayi, convocation, amene ankagwira ntchito ku 1912 kuti 1917 ambiri? M'zochita zake nawo 442 akuluakulu. Koposa zonse zinali kachiwiri Octo - anthu 98. Iwo unatha pambuyo February utasintha mu October 1917, pamene chisankho anali inakonzedwa Constituent Assembly. Koma tsogolo la parliamentarianism Russian anakhalabe zosakwanira, monga October kuukira boma la 1917 chinachitika mu dziko la chaka.

Pambuyo Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira ndi aphungu a RSFSR, ndipo kenako Russian Federation Supreme Soviet. Iye wokhulupirira ntchito malamulo kuchokera 1938 mpaka 1993.

Maphunziro a Russian State Duma

Chifukwa mapangidwe latsopano thupi aphungu anali kuyesa ndi mbali yaikulu ya maguluwo wa bungwe Supreme, lotsogoledwa ndi Sipikala ake Ruslan Khasbulatov mu October 1993 kuchita kulanda boma. pofuna sanali bwino, koma iyo inali nthawi kuti yanyumba Council Wamkulukulu.

Mu chaka chomwecho, Pulezidenti Russian Boris Yeltsin inaika lamulo pa mapangidwe latsopano thupi aphungu - Boma Duma. Chisankho Duma kunachitika mu December 1993.

ntchito za boma Duma

Tsopano tiyeni tipeze chimene zochita za maguluwo wa State Duma.

The State Duma ndi yayikulu malamulo thupi Russia. Kuti ali ndi udindo waukulu ziwanga ndi ndondomeko malamulo. thupi ili aphungu ali udindo wa nyumba m'munsi a ku Nyumba ya Federal, nyumba chapamwamba ndilo Council la Chitaganya cha.

ufulu ndi udindo amphungu a nyumba yamalamulo ndi kutchulidwa Chilamulo pa udindo wa kazembe State Duma. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo amatitsimikizira chitetezo chokwanira aphungu, komanso chiwerengero maudindo ena akuluakulu.

Nthawi yokhala pa nchito ya ziwanga

Poyamba, pa nthawi kusintha yomweyo pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Duma, maguluwo wa convocation oyambirira makalata awo basi mawu a zaka ziwiri. Koma kuchokera convocation lotsatira zinakonzedwa kuwonjezera mawu a zaka zinayi. Anali kuchita zimenezi kuyambira 1995 mpaka 2011, akuluakulu kwa wachiwiri kwa aphungu lachisanu ali ndi ulamuliro kwa nthawi ya zaka zinayi.

Koma kuyambira 2011 mawu a mphamvu wachiwiri waperekedwa kwa zaka zisanu. Ndi nthawi ino wapatsidwa mwayi kugwira ntchito zawo za convocation chimodzi. Ichi chidachitika kuti tisunge ndalama bajeti kuti likhale chisankho.

Chisankho chotsatira kwa akuluakulu a boma Duma ali inakonzedwa September 2016.

Limagwirira chisankho

kachitidwe ka chisankho cha akuluakulu a boma Duma ndi chiyani? Monga tanena ngati chisankho wakale ziwanga paliponse zaka zinayi, iwo tsopano paliponse zaka zisanu.

Mu Russia, pali dongosolo wosanganiza chisankho. Ndiko kuti, theka la akuluakulu osankhidwa mu chigawo masankho osakwatiwa-lamulo, ndipo hafu inayo - pa mndandanda phwando. Motero, vuto loyamba, adzaponye chisanko ndi kuvotera munthu winawake, zomwe zinachitikira m'chigawo cha chigonjetso adzakhala kazembe choncho wachiwiri - pa phwandolo. Ndi njira imeneyi maximizes kuonetsetsa zofuna za m'madera yeniyeni ndi zokonda masankho omwe adzaponye chisanko.

chiwerengero cha akuluakulu

Tsopano tiyeni kulingalira koma angati akuluakulu mu State Duma. Funso limeneli amayankha momveka bwino kuti Russian Constitution, limene imalongosola chiwerengero cha nyumba yamalamulo.

Pa nthawi imeneyi mu State Duma 450 akuluakulu. Mu choncho, mwachindunji chiwerengero Sanasinthe chiyambire mapangidwe wa aphungu thupi mu 1993.

The zikuchokera kwa State Duma

Taphunzira zinthu zambiri mu State Duma akuluakulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi ofunika kudziwa zimene magulu ankhondo pa nthawi akuimira anthu ali. Full mndandanda wa akuluakulu a boma Duma pa 450 chifukwa cha bulkiness pano ake apa sachiza, koma ife amaufufuza kapangidwe ka yamalamulo, podziwa chiwerengero cha akuluakulu a magulu ambiri.

Pa nthawi, ambiri Duma ziwanga ku kagulu kamene ovomereza a boma "United Russia" - anthu 238. Otsatidwa ndi ziwanga kuchokera Party Communist - anthu 92. Iwo kenako oimira kagulu kamene "Fair Russia" - anthu 64. Wamng'ono wa akuluakulu onse aphungu ku Osaumira Democratic Party - anthu 56. Izi wolungama ndi chiwerengero cha akuluakulu optimally muyenera chifaniziro cha zigawo zosiyanasiyana za Russia, komanso magulu andale.

Kapangidwe ka yamalamulo

Tsopano tiyeni tiphunzire dongosolo la State Duma, nanga chipembedzo chake mkati. Ndipotu 450 ziwanga - adakali ndi anthu ambiri ndithu, ndipo aliyense wa iwo, kupatula ntchito zofunika lawmaking, ayenera kukwaniritsa ntchito zambiri zina mu Malamulo.

Pa ziwanga fractional magawano ife zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Munthu wakhala kokha kunena kuti kagulu kamene - gulu la akuluakulu, ophatikizana umodzi wautali ndi cholinga ndi masomphenya wamba pofuna kukwaniritsa dziko. Nthawi zambiri tuzigawo twa anapanga padziko magulu osiyana kapena kulengedwa kuchokera kaphatikizidwe magulu angapo.

Munthu woyamba mu State Duma ndi tcheyamaniyo. udindo wake monga utsogoleri wa Nyumba ya Malamulo pa ntchito sessional ndi kukabweza timakhala ake ndi matupi ena amanena, komanso matupi yachilendo aphungu. Tcheyamani wa State Duma adzasankhidwa molemekeza chinsinsi ndi ziwanga, monga ulamuliro, pa convening koyamba kwa gawoli. Komanso, woyamba osankhidwa substituent ndi substituents. ntchito yawo ndi kuthandiza Pulezidenti mu khalidwe la zokambirana, kuwonjezera, kazembe woyamba adzakhala m'malo mwake ngati sitili pa chifukwa chilichonse. Pa nthawi, wapampando wa State Duma ndi membala wa chipani ovomereza a boma "United Russia" Sergei Naryshkin.

Ntchito yaikulu ya State Duma a pachikhalidwe ndi kuonetsetsa uziyenda yosalala ya yamalamulo Russian. ulamuliro ayenera kutsatira panali, pazankhani, chuma ndi kayendetsedwe ka gulu thandizo la ntchito za akuluakulu. Alamule nyumba imeneyi, mutu wa zida za Duma. Pa nthawi, malo amenewo ali Jahan Redzhepovna Pollyeva.

malo enieni ntchito malamulo a makomiti State Duma nawo. Iwo amapanga mamembala anakonza m'magulu pa zigawo zosiyana, nthawi zambiri monga gulu kuumba. Panopa, makomiti chachikulu ndi:

• malamulo oyendetsera dziko;
• pa bajeti;
• Labor ndi sotspolitike;
• kuti mfundo zachuma;
• pa katundu;
• mphamvu;
• makampani;
• umoyo;
• Maphunziro.

Komanso, pali makomiti ena. Mu mayunitsi structural wa Nyumba ya Malamulo anayamba ndi kukambirana ngongole yeniyeni, malinga ndi malangizo a mbiri ya komitiyo. The ntchito za makomiti chaired ndi wapampando, amene poyamba ziwanga ndi ziwanga.

zofanana kwambiri ndi ntchito ya makomiti komishoni. Chachikulu kusiyana ndi kuti deta nyumba ntchito si malamulo ntchito, ndi ulamuliro pa malangizo ntchito. Nthawi zina ntchito mwapadera anapanga kuwayang'anira kukhazikitsa ntchito yeniyeni. Panopa, pali mabungwe asanu mu nyumba yamalamulo Russian:

• Control pa zodalirika zokhudza ndalama;
• pa Ethics Parliamentary;
• Commission kafukufuku;
• Kumanga kumanga kwa Center Parliamentary;
• Control kuonetsetsa chitukuko cha makampani Russian chitetezo;
• pamankhwala mtengo wa ndalama bajeti, umalimbana kuonetsetsa nat. chitetezo.

Pa mutu uliwonse tcheyamani ntchito waima.

Wina thupi structural wa nyumba yamalamulo Russian ndi State Duma Council. Ndi ulamuliro amakonzekera ngongole enieni kuganizira pa gawoli, ndipo akukonzekera ntchito a nyumba ya malamulo pa mu gawo ndondomeko. Ndiko kuti, thupi kuti akuchita ntchito kuyambirira pa kukonzekera bilu asanapereke iwo aliyense kuti akuluakulu a.

Akutsogolera Council wapampando wa State Duma. Komanso, Board kumaphatikizapo ziwanga ndi atsogoleri a magulu aphungu ake. Koma apa mpando a makomiti pokhapokha yakuti mavoti deliberative mu chiwindi.

Woteroyo ndondomeko ndi kapangidwe ka gulu la State Duma la Chitaganya cha Russia.

The yanyumba ya State Duma

Kutheka kwa nchito yanyumba yamalamulo ndi malamulo a dziko la Russia. njirayi idzachitika, ngati Duma katatu anakana ofuna akufuna kuti positi pulezidenti kapena nduna yaikulu katatu akufotokoza kusakhulupirira. Pankhaniyi, mutu wa boma tingasonyezere ufulu wawo oyendetsera dziko kupasuka yamalamulo. Koma pamene izo m'mbiri yamakono Russian, njirayi ya kuvunda kwa State Duma sichinayambe ntchito. Only za kuwonongeka kwa thupi aphungu zinachitikadi mu 1993 pansi Pulezidenti Boris Yeltsin. Koma ndiye iye akadali otchedwa Council Wamkulukulu, amene ali, izo zinali isanafike mabungwe a Duma.

Komanso, kangapo kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma Duma ikuchitika payekha. Pankhaniyi, nyumba ya malamulo lokha wasankha suspend Mkhristu aliyense payekha. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ndondomeko wakhala nane ntchito za boma Duma Wachiwiri kwa "Fair Russia" Ilya Ponomarev.

kutanthauza parliamentarism

Mtengo wa State Duma mu Russia sitingalephere kukambapo. Ndipotu ndi boma ulamuliro, womwe kudzera mu bungwe la chisankho, nzika kusonyeza awo bwino oyendetsera dziko wodzilamulira. ntchito zake zikuphatikiza kukhazikitsidwa zokhudza malamulo, komanso kuchita angapo ntchito ulamuliro, ndi zina mavuto ena. Choncho, mwa kulankhula kwina, izo zimatengera pa State Duma za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo apadera dziko.

Nambala panopa akuluakulu mu yamalamulo mwasayansi anatsimikizira chiwerengero chofunika oimira ochokera m'madera onse a Russia, ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a ndale kuganizira zofuna za anthu onse. N'chifukwa chake anaganiza kuganizira anthu mu 450 akuluakulu.

Kumene, ngati chikhazikitso aliyense wa boma, dongosolo aphungu ndi opanda ungwiro. Pa nthawi yomweyo tisaiwale kuti tichepetse zambiri za thupi, amene unyinji wonse wa anthu kukhala ndi mtundu wa khalidwe linalake, zingasokoneze mfundo pagulu, osati koma anatulukira mu dziko. Komanso, kuli angapo nthambi, kuphatikizapo payokha Kudziwika malamulo, kugwira ntchito kupyolera yamalamulo, amalola kuti kudziletsa ndi zina nthambi za boma (wamkulu, ndi zachiweruzo), ndi kuteteza kudzitengera Boma mmodzi wa iwo kapena pulezidenti.