Ulidi - ndi ... Kodi teokalase: tanthauzo

Mawu akuti "ulidi" anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbiri wachiroma Josephus chiyambi Ayuda Ine m'ma AD. Anagwiritsa ntchito mawu pa ntchito yake "Against Appiona" amene ankatsutsana ndi wotchuka galamala a m'nthawi imeneyo. Ngakhale Josephus ku Roma ada mangala ndi ngakhale anatenga dzina lake polemekeza mfumu, iye akanadziwa kokha Chigiriki amene analemba ndi ntchito yake.

Choncho mizu etymological akuti. Theka loyamba la mawu likumasuliridwa kuti "Mulungu", wachiwiri - "Kusintha". Choncho, tinganene kuti ulidi - boma limene wolamulira wamkulu ali ndi boma ndi mphamvu zachipembedzo.

chikhazikitso

Nthawi zambiri kazembe amalandira udindo wa kazembe wa Mulungu m'gawo izo asaaonerera. Koma uwu si tanthauzo yekha. kutanthauzira wina akuti zikutanthauza kuti munthuyo ali pachokha ndi Mulungu wamkulu.

Ulidi - njira wakale ndipo kenako anthu akale kufotokoza chilengedwe. Mu malingaliro a anthu a lililonse chipembedzo unachita chachikulu. Kunali kofunika kuti palibe mphamvu suona yovomerezeka ngati Sizinapatsidwe kwa mulungu kapena gulu la milungu mu nkhani ya Amitundu.

Ulidi, clericalism ndi secularism

Lingaliro la ulidi kumagwirizana ndi clericalism. Izi gulu landale mwa boma, chomwe chifuna kulimbikitsa ufulu ndi phindu la atsogoleri achipembedzo. Mokulira ndi ulidi ndi muyeso apamwamba clericalism. Mawu amenewa kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza kuti masiku ano anthu ambiri, monga kuyenera miyambo imene analiko kale Zapakati. clericalism mwachita lero si kwambiri mothandizidwa ndi zipembedzo (mwachitsanzo, mipingo), koma ndi zida ndale - kayendedwe chikhalidwe ndi zipani.

Mosiyana kukuchititsa zimenezi pali chodabwitsa zosiyana - secularism. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, boma ndi achipembedzo mabungwe ziyenera kukhala kudzipatula Chrixitu. Mfundo za secularism enshrined mu malamulo ndi ndondomeko za kuchuluka kwa limati boma, pamene palibe chipembedzo. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo chidwi kwambiri ndi zofunika kwambiri za iyeyo lingaliro ntchito zimenezi zinachitika yomweyo pambuyo 1917, pamene Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira asalandidwe malo mpingo kuwasiyanitsa ndi bureaucracy lapansi. Woyambitsa wa lingaliro la secularism amati Epicurus, amene mu mkwiyo wake nthanthi kukangana ndi atumiki kulambira milungu wakale Greek.

zitsanzo theocracies

ulidi woyamba dzina lake boma la Ayuda, pamene akuti analowa Iosif Flavy pofotokoza mphamvu anthu ake. Komabe, mwazaka asanafike analipo ufumu ndi ulamuliro achipembedzo. Kunali ufumu Iguputo, kumene mutu Farao anatanthauza kazembe Mulungu padziko lapansi. Mfundo zofanana angapezeke mu Ufumu wa Roma, kumene mafumu anazindikira milungu. Ambiri a iwo - ndi mafumu a dziko. mndandanda akupitiriza pokhapokhapo Chisilamu, amene ankaona mutu wa Asilamu onse Sunni.

ulidi Chisilamu

Mwa zina Muslim ulidi yodziwika ndi mwapadera kukwaniritsidwa kwa malamulo la Mulungu. Sharia malamulo akhazikitsidwa mu Qur'an, amamanga aliyense. Choyamba, States amenewa amatchedwa Caliphate. The woyamba linakhazikitsidwa ndi Mneneri Muhammad mu VII. Pambuyo pake, m'malo anawonjezera mphamvu ya Islam ku Middle East, Africa North ndi ngakhale Spain.

Komabe, kuyambira pamenepo icho chakhala nthawi yaitali. Komabe, mwachitsanzo, mu Iran ndi Saudi Arabia adakali makhoti onse potengera malamulo Koran. Aperisiya ndi Shiites ndi mutu awo achipembedzo ali ndi ufulu kuposa pulezidenti. Mwachitsanzo, anapereka kwambiri atumiki otchuka, kuphatikizapo amene ali ndi udindo odziteteza dziko.

Mu Saudi Arabia, mawonekedwe a ndale a boma ndiye wolowa mmalo mwa Caliphate. Mfumu ali ndi mphamvu zonse, ndi lamulo la Sharia munthu akanatha kulimbana ndi chilango cha imfa.

Abuda

Akatswiri zambiri amati chotero ulidi. Khama ali kutanthauzira ambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo kumaonekera Chibuda. Mwachitsanzo - chapakati Chitibeta bungwe, chimene kwakukulukulu replicates mbali ya boma yapita wa Chimonko Chitibeta. Kuchokera pakati pa XX atumwi, makonzedwe ake ku ukapolo pambuyo nkhondo ya Army la Anthu Chinese.

Mbwenye, mkadamu wauzimu wa Chitibeta Abuda - wotchedwa Dalai Lama - ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pakati pa ziweto zake, anamwazikana padziko lonse. Anthu amamuona umunthu wa Mulungu padziko lapansi, umene umakhala dongosolo ndi Chisilamu, ndi ena.

City a Mulungu

mwambo Mkhristu anaika maziko a ulidi mu lonena "Mzinda wa Mulungu." Lidalembedwa mu zaka za m'ma V. wazamulungu Augustine wa ku Hippo. Ndipo ngakhale kuti iye sagwiritsa ntchito liwu yekha mu ntchito yake, koma limafotokoza mfundo chitsanzo. Malinga ndi iye, teokalase - mzinda wa Mulungu, pamene moyo wonse anakonza mogwirizana ndi chilamulo cha pangano.

okhalamo sakutsutsana ndi malamulo ndi mogwirizana. Limodzi ndi izi palinso mzinda wa Earth. Iye ndi wosiyana chinyezimiro chake cha Mulungu. Malamulo mkati mwake ofunitsitsa ndi anthu okha, amene mu saizi ya kunyada, aganiza moyo ndi mwambo wachikristu. M'mawu ena, iwo amasiya Mulungu. Malinga ndi Augustine, kutengera kusankha kwa kulinga pambuyo pa imfa ya munthu adzaweruzidwa pa Tsiku la Chiweruzo. onse amene amasiya malamulo a kumwamba, kupita ku gehena, pamene osankhidwa mzinda wa Mulungu kupita kumwamba.

ntchito linalembedwa atangochoka Rome analandidwa ndipo anagonjetsa mwa Goths, amene adakula maganizo akulu a wolemba. Palinso Avreliy Avgustin nkhani za akuluakulu aboma. Icho chaperekwa ndi Mulungu, kutanthauza kuti anthu kuti amubvere. mfundo imeneyi ntchito ndi mafumu a Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma ndi zaka zochepa.

Vatican

Contemporary Mkhristu ulidi - ndi Vatican. Ndi boma wamng'ono dziko. Ndi palokha ndipo olamulidwa ndi Papa, amene akuganiza kuti bambo wauzimu wa Akatolika onse.

Mpaka 1929, mu malo ake anali papa States, umene pa zaka zake zabwino mu XIX m'ma anatenga hafu ya Italy ano. Izi ndi ulidi zachikhalidwe. Mphamvu imeneyi akuti ndi kwa Mulungu. Ulamuliro pa Vatican kumatanthauza See Woyera, ndi amene ali ndi Papa. Komanso, nayenso ali mutu wa Mpingo wa Katolika.

Mphamvu pa iye si malamulo, koma mulingo wamphumphu ndi ufulu wodzilamulira chifuniro cha munthu. Papa amasankhidwa kwa moyo ndi Msonkhano wapadera - makadinala msonkhano wa mpingo waukulu. Ndondomeko kusankha amamangiriridwa m'ma XIII.

Mbiri ya upapa

Zimenezi akale boma. Tebulo limanena za periodization mbiri ya upapa, mulole monga kuchuluka kwa pang'onopang'ono. Choyamba chinali mutu m'madera chatsekedwa, pamene Akristu anazunzidwa ndi Aroma ankalambira mulungu wawo, pamene mobisa kwambiri. Ndipo kokha m'zaka IV Mfumu Constantine anazindikira chipembedzo, ndipo Adadi ali ndi chikoka. Komabe, ngati okhawo nkhosa. Koma ndi kugwa kwa mphamvu zosatha mu Institute Europe wa pontiffs zinali zofunika kwambiri monga izo zinali chokha dzina la Chikhristu pa nthawi. Mphamvu ya upapa kumakhala m'mayiko onse Western European ya Mafumu. List mafumu amene ankatengedwa mphako pansipa pontifi, anali wamkulu - amaphatikiza mayina khumi.

Zinali ogwera mawonekedwe a mphamvu za boma. maudindo Royal ankaona otsika poyerekeza ndi Papa. olamulira European anamvera ndipo anamvera Atate Woyera, makamaka pa nkhani ya nkhondo wina ndi mzake. chikoka papa kufalitsa mu Mpingo m'dera achikunja, akuitana mafumu awo pa Nkhondo za Mtanda, wotchuka kwambiri amene ali kubweranso kwa Yerusalemu inatha.

Investiture kutsutsana ndi Reformation

State wa luso Chikhristu palibe kalekale. Izi zisanachitike, mphamvu ya Apapa ukutsutsidwa ndi magulu ambiri azipembedzo ndi olamulira ngakhale boma. Apa tikukamba makamaka za kulimbana investiture mu XI - XII zaka.

vuto nkhawa ndiye boma. Table za anthu akale, ife angafotokoze makalasi zingapo: wamba, amalonda, ambuye. Yotsirizira analinso ndi makwerero, pamwamba amene anali mfumu ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma (makamaka chimakwirira kudera la masiku ano Germany). Komabe, mu kufanana panali atsogoleri amene anachita m'malo mwa Mulungu. mutu wake anali Papa. ulamuliro ndale Recent anawonjezera pafupifupi buku lonse inasokoneza Italy.

Mkangano magulu awiri a anthu ndi maudindo awiri pa ufulu kukhala lalikulu inatenga zaka zambiri. Ndipotu, anali kutsutsana za kodi boma - kapena m'gulu la Yehova.

Pomaliza, atsogoleri a chikatolika anagonjetsa mphamvu lachifumu, koma ulamuliro wake sanakhalitse yaitali. Chiyambireni cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi chitukuko cha sayansi mu Chikhristu panali gulu la Achiprotestanti amene amakana ulamuliro wa Papa ndi lingaliro laumulungu la Europe (Reformation). Patatha zaka makumi atatu a nkhondo, iwo kuphimba theka Africa. Ndiye ulidi anataya mwayi kukhala maziko a mphamvu mu Europe.

Ulidi mu Russia

Pamene dziko lathu anali mafumu, kalonga kapena mfumu ankamuona ngati nthumwi Mulungu (wodzozedwa). Pa nthawi yomweyo panali mutu wa kholo, yemwe patapita m'malo mwa Kumvetsela ulamuliro Synod. Choncho, wolamulira Russian, ngakhale kuti, koma olamulidwa ndi Mpingo.

M'zaka za m'ma XIX panali mawonekedwe a ndale a boma anyozedwa ndi anzeru ambiri ndi olemba. Mwachitsanzo, Mpingo wakhala kudzudzulidwa ndi Leo Tolstoy, amene anali ngakhale anachotsedwa mu mpingo. Koma nzeru zapamwamba Vladimir Soloviev akufuna kuphatikiza Catholic ndi Orthodox mabungwe. Zimenezi zikutanthauza zikamera wa teokalase padziko lonse. Zinali pamodzi mpingo awiri waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse, kugawanika kuyambira 1054.

Mkubwela kwa mphamvu Soviet panali kusiya kupembedza ndi kukana Mpingo ku State. Modern Russian Federation ndi dziko boma, kumene kuli ufulu wa chipembedzo, ndipo palibe chipembedzo alibe udindo yekha.