Kodi kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Onse zinthu mankhwala zigwirizana mamolekyulu, ndiwo particles zazing'ono. Iwo electrically ndale ndipo wapangidwa maatomu omwe zogwirizana ndi nsinga covalent. Luso maatomu a zinthu mankhwala mamolekyulu kupanga nambala inayake limasonyeza otchedwa valence. Mogwirizana ndi zikamera ndi kukula kwa chiphunzitso cha kumangidwa mankhwala lingaliro ili kakusintha atasintha ndipo tsopano alibe bwino kutanthauzira sayansi, makamaka ntchito mu zolinga za chiphunzitso ndipo kawirikawiri kuzindikiridwa ndi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Ngati molekyulu - ndi zing'onozing'ono tinthu chuma, atomu ndi laling'ono indivisible tinthu mankhwala amafotokozera. Atomu ndi electrically ndale tinthu pakati ake ali pakati wopangidwa mwa mapulotoni ndithu mlandu, ndipo mozungulira icho pali mtambo wa ma elekitironi (zoipa adawalamulira). Choncho kumachitika kugwirizanitsa mlandu zabwino phata zoipa kuyang'anira ma elekitironi. Kumvetsa mmene kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni, ndi zimene m'pofunika kuganizira kapangidwe ka tinthu zinthu zenizeni.

Mu molekyu ya mankhwala enaake a hydrogen (HCl) pakati hydrogen ndi chlorine, pali chimodzi awiri ma elekitironi. A atomu wa hydrogen ali pulotoni imodzi ndi elekitironi imodzi. chlorine atomu ali mapulotoni 17 ndi ma elekitironi 17, mmodzi wa ma elekitironi seveni kunja chipolopolo elekitironi kachulukidwe teamed ndi elekitironi la atomu wa hydrogen kupanga potero ndi awiri elekitironi: H: CL. The H2S anapanga molekyulu sulfure atomu 2 nawo peyala ya ma elekitironi ndi maatomu onse a hydrogen: H: S: H. Kodi kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa amafotokozera Mwachitsanzo, chlorine ndi HCl mu haidrojeni molekyulu ndi sulfure wa hydrogen mu H2S molekyulu? Valency amapereka lingaliro la kuchuluka anapanga m'ndende molekyulu kapena elekitironi awiriawiri, koma kusonyeza kusamutsidwa awo.

Amaganiza kuti ma elekitironi maatomu mu molekyulu ndi amaphatikizidwa mu awiriawiri elekitironi amene ankatembenukira kwa atomu kwambiri elekrootritsatelnomu. Hydrogen ndi chlorine mu HCl akhoza kuyamba kulankhulana, amene ankatembenukira kwa chlorine kuyambira ndi electronegative kwambiri. Choncho, mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wofanana wa hydrogen kuphatikiza 1, pamene chlorine - opanda 1. Aliyense atomu wa hydrogen mu molekyulu ndi H2S amabwera mu kulankhulana ndi wina atomu sulfure, womwe ali maunyolo awiri. Onse awiriawiri elekitironi Pankhaniyi ankatembenukira ndi atomu sulfure. Choncho, mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa kuphatikiza wa hydrogen liri 1, ndi atomu sulfure - opanda 2. Kodi kudziwa mlingo wa wothandizila makutidwe ndi okosijeni, mwachitsanzo, HCl, H2S, O2, N2, Na, AG, Si? The makutidwe ndi okosijeni zinthu zophweka kapena zovuta nthawi zonse 0, monga thunthu wapangidwa ndi tinthu kapena maatomu ndi iwo ali electrically ndale. Otuluka uwu, kupeza mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa amafotokozera mu molekyulu ndi.

Mu chitsanzo cha asidi hypochlorous Taganizirani mmene kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwa CL atomu. Mu HClO molekyulu, monga molekyulu zinthu zina iliyonse, wa hydrogen nthawi zonse (kupatula hydrides) yodziwika ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni kuphatikiza 1, ndi mpweya nthawi zonse - makutidwe ndi okosijeni opanda 2 (kupatula barium peroxide ndi fluoride mpweya). Chifukwa molekyulu alibe mlandu yokha, tikhoza kulemba aone kuti pali (1) + + × (- 2) = 0. aone kuti pali Izi ayenera kuthetsedwa: × = 0 - (1) - (-2) = (1) Motero, likukhalira kuti mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa cL pa molekyulu wa hypochlorous asidi kuphatikiza liri 1. Mwachitsanzo izi zikusonyeza kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mbali iliyonse makamaka molekyulu ndi. Choyamba, makhalidwe a kudziwika imakonzedwa zinthu valency kapena amene sasintha mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

Choncho, makutidwe ndi okosijeni amatchedwa phindu makonzedwe (ofunda kuyang'anira atomu mu molekyulu ndi) ntchito kujambula zochita maikwezhoni kugwirizana ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni kapena kuchepetsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Khalidwe limeneli liri chiwerengero cha awiriawiri ma elekitironi, zomwe kwathunthu ankatembenukira kwa mamolekyulu electronegative wa zinthu mankhwala. makutidwe ndi okosijeni zili pa chizindikiro atomu. Izi kulowa limasonyeza bwanji kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa chinthu makamaka molekyulu wa chinthu chilichonse. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani (Na + 1Cl-1) amatanthauza kuti mchere molekyulu ndi sodium digiri makutidwe ndi okosijeni kuphatikiza 1, opanda 1, ndi chlorine motere: (1) + (-1) = 0. Mu molekyulu wa permanganate potaziyamu (K + 1Mn + 7O-24) kuphatikiza 1 potaziyamu kuti manganese kuphatikiza 7, mpweya opanda 2, ndiko: (1) + (+7) + 2 • (-2) = 0. The molekyulu asidi nitric (H + 1N + 5O 23) kuphatikiza 1 hayidirojeni, kuti asafe kuphatikiza 5 kwa mpweya opanda 2, ndi molekyulu lonse electrically ndale: (1) + (+5) + 3 • (-2) = 0. mu molekyulu wa nitrous asidi (H + 1N + 3O-22) kuphatikiza 1 hayidirojeni, kuti asafe kuphatikiza 3 mpweya opanda 2, kuyambira mtengo wa molekyulu ndi wofanana ndi ziro, ndiye: (1) + (3) + 2 • (-2) = 0. Mwachitsanzo, asafe Tingaone kuti atomu zimenezi zinthu zosiyana mu maiko osiyana makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa kuphatikiza kapena opanda 3 ndi 5 (ndi imeneyi ya wagawo wina).