Chemical katundu maziko a

Zapansi ndi zovuta mankhwala kupanga awiri structural Gawo:

1. Gidroksogrupp (chimodzi kapena kuposa). Motero mwa njira, ndi dzina lachiwiri la zinthu zimenezi - "hydroxides".
2. Zitsulo atomu kapena ion ammonium (NH4 +).

Title zapansi zichokela ku kaphatikizidwe maina onse a zigawo zake: mwachitsanzo, calcium hydroxide, hydroxide cupric, hydroxide siliva, etc ...

Nokha kwa ambiri ulamuliro m'munsi mapangidwe tiyenera kuziganizira hydroxide ammonium, pamene gidroksogrupp osati nadzaphatikizana ndi zitsulo ndi ku cation ammonium (NH4 +). mankhwala amapangidwa ngati kumene kuvunda mu madzi ammonia.

Ngati ife kulankhula za katundu wa zapansi, tisaiwale yomweyo kuti gidroksogrupp valence wofanana umodzi, motero, chiwerengero cha magulu amenewa molekyulu kudzadalira zimene valence adzalandira zitsulo zotakasika. Zitsanzo Pankhaniyi angathe kutumikira chilinganizo zinthu monga NaOH, Al (o) 3, Ca (o) 2.

Ngati ife kulankhula za katundu thupi la malo, ndi Dziwani kuti onse a iwo mosachotsera - zolimba ndi mitundu ambiri osiyanasiyana. Nthawi kumene gidroksogrupp chikugwirizana ndi zitsulo monovalent, kawirikawiri anapanga mosavuta sungunuka m'munsi mwa madzi, mwa zina zonse chifukwa m'munsi anachita mu madzi pafupifupi insoluble. Anthu amene mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi, amatchedwa alkalis. Iwo mankhwala zinthu woopsawo zikuwononga kwa khungu ndi nembanemba mucous. Kuwonjezera zitsulo monovalent, soda ndi mawonekedwe otchedwa zitsulo zamchere-lapansi - mwachitsanzo, monga barium, strontium.

Chemical katundu zapansi insoluble pa choona kuti mankhwala awa mwina maziko kapena amphoteric hydroxides. Otsiriza a iwo amachitira ndi zidulo zinthu monga soda, ndi mosemphanitsa, zimavuta ndi zizindikiro alkalis, zidulo chionetsero. Katundu zapansi insoluble ankagwiritsa ntchito kuwala ndi makampani lolemera.

Chemical katundu zapansi akuwonetseredwa mu zochita zawo ndi zidulo, salt, zapansi ena, komanso zizindikiro mu zochita zawo. Makamaka, soda angathe kudziwa ngati njira zawo ntchito kwa chizindikiro zina. Pankhaniyi, izo chimaonekadi kusintha mtundu wake: mwachitsanzo, ndi litmus mayeso a woyera limafulatira buluu, ndipo phenolphthalein - rasipiberi.

Chemical katundu wa zapansi mu zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi zidulo, kuyambitsa zochita odziwika neutralization. Akamanena za zimenezi zingachitike kuti zitsulo maatomu asidi zotsalira kujowina kupanga mchere, ndi gidroksogrupp ndi ion wa hydrogen, pamene zimagwira mtima mu madzi. The neutralization anachita atamva izi amatchedwa chifukwa pambuyo ngakhale zamchere kapena acid.

Khalidwe mankhwala katundu akuwonetseredwa zapansi ndipo anachita awo ndi mchere wa. Tikumbukenso kuti salt sungunuka zimene kubwera soda yekha. Mbali structural zinthu zimenezi zimachititsa kuti mchere latsopano, latsopano, zambiri insoluble, m'munsi mwa zotani.

Pomaliza, katundu mankhwala malo zokongola zimapezeka pa zotsatira matenthedwe pa iwo - magetsi. Apa, akuchita zatsopano zina, m'pofunika kukumbukira kuti pafupifupi zapansi zonse, kupatula soda, pamene usavutike zinthu sinkakhala. Ambiri a iwo pasanapite nthawi amaola mu okusayidi chogwirizana ndi madzi. Ngati timatenga zitsulo m'munsi monga siliva ndi Mercury, zinthu zachilendo sangathe kuwapeza, monga kale kuyamba kuwola ndinso firiji.