Mbiri chuma monga ngati chuma kumvetsa dziko

Kungopatulapo zofunika mitundu ya umunthu, afilosofi mumaganizira za chimene chikuchitika mu maphunziro azachilengedwe a corporeal ndi lenileni, kaya ali limodzi muzu, ndipo ngati maziko a zonse alipo palokha. Chiphunzitso cha muyaya wa dziko thupi amatipatsa India wina wakale ndi China. Choncho tikhoza kunena kuti mtundu uliwonse wa chuma m'mbiri yakale chitukuko cha nzeru. Oyambirira a iwo, yakale yoyendera, kudziwa vuto ndi chinthu makamaka kapena chophiphiritsa, chimene Palinso matupi osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu, ndi kuti akufa, kutembenukira (madzi, "Apeiron" mpweya, moto, maatomu ndi opanda ...). Kuti, monga molondola ananenera Aristotle, nzeru ena a azimuth uyu ankakhulupirira kuti akamanena za mfundo yoyamba sasintha, izo basi akuoneka kuti ife mu njira zosiyana.

Ngakhale maganizo anali mafanizo anthu ambiri Kubadwa Kwatsopano, amaganiza kuti m'zaka XVII kwawo kwa koma mawonekedwe ena chuma - ndi mechanistic. Descartes amasankha nkhani monga ngati kuli ufulu ndiponso maina chikhumbo kutalika. Newton zimawonjezera katundu wa thunthu ngakhale impenetrability, inertia ndi kulemera (yotsirizira awiri Chili cholemera lingaliro). Chenicheni anzeru kumatanthauza kanthu monga zonse n'zomveka maganizo ndi zomverera, ndi onse amene alipo kunja kwa chikumbumtima anthu. Komabe, ubale zinthu zosiyana ndi zochitika pa nthawi imeneyo chinaoneka monga mwa ndiye lalikulu sayansi dziko monga chinthu makina, ngati ulonda yaikulu zovuta, aliyense gudumu kapena gudumu amachita mbali.

Mmodzi wa analimbana ndi ochepa kufotokoza mbiri ya anthu ndipo unagona chikhalidwe mfundo za chuma anali Marxism. A mbali yaikulu iyi nyimbo ndi chiphunzitso cha Feuerbach pa nkhani ya Kudziwa ndi rationalism nzeru za Agiriki German. Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Chichewa, oyambitsa gulu limeneli mu mbiri ya malingaliro kuika patsogolo mchitidwe loyamba la ubale pakati pa munthu ndi dziko. Iwo ananena kuti Funso lofunika wa nzeru ngati ndi vuto la ulamuliro, ndi imazindikira ulamuliro wa nkhani monga mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya moyo, kuphatikizapo chikhalidwe. Choncho anabadwa dialectical ndi mbiri yakale chuma.

Mu chimango cha pakati Marxist wa ndiAmene ake ntchito mfundo za dialectic Hegel ndi osati kwa kusanthula chilengedwe, koma ndale, zachuma ndi njira zina chikhalidwe ndi zochitika. Choncho iwo anabwera kwa atsopano zokhudza moyo wa anthu. Ngati nzeru yapita ankaona ngati mphamvu ya malingaliro Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe ndi ziphunzitso galimoto, chuma mbiri tikunena moyo zachuma, ndipo koposa zonse, mu dera la ntchito, kupereka kupanga mankhwala. Ubale limeneli, ku maganizo a chiphunzitso ichi, kudziwa zina zonse kugwirizana pakati pa magulu a anthu ndipo ndi maziko chuma cikhalidwe. Ndipo izi kuli mitundu chikumbumtima chikhalidwe (ie, makhalidwe lalikulu, malamulo, mfundo, ndi zina zotero).

Marx ndi Chichewa wakutsegula zinthu za ena kubwerezabwereza mu citukuko ndi Nthawi osiyana. Kuchokera pamenepa, anamaliza chikhalidwe osati kokha, koma anthu ikupita patsogolo malinga ndi malamulo ena. Mbiri chuma Kuwonjezera akudzizindikiritsa malamulo amenewa, komanso amasulidwe magawo munthu m'kupita kwa zochita zawo. Asayansi otchedwa magawo awa formations umoyo ndi zachuma, maonekedwe a lomwe udindo osati osati anthu kwambiri ngati misa lalikulu la anthu. Iwo ananyamuka masomphenya awo zifukwa kukhala kumeneko ndipo likugwira boma, magulu chikhalidwe (makalasi) monga nkhondo ndipo kucheza ndi mzake, anasonyeza zamoyo wa banja, ndi zina zotero.

Mbiri chuma m'njira yakeyake aukitsa vuto la munthu. nzeru Marxist kumabweretsa akamanena za anthu makhalidwe chikhalidwe, ndi ya maubale. Choncho, udindo wapadera ankaimba ndi kumvetsa ongolankhula wa zodabwitsazi makhalidwe kupatuka. Mu mawu amene anayambitsa Marxism tafotokozeramu chodabwitsa zovuta, chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndondomeko zake, monga zotsatira mtima ku mtundu wa mphamvu kunja. Iye ayamba kulamulila anthu, kuti amaumiriza iwo, m'malo mwa maganizo ena onse ndipo maganizo. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi opareshoni, ndi patsinde pa iwowa ndi chuma payekha wa njira imene kupanga chikuchitika. Choncho, iwo akufuna anaiona yekha njira kusiya zimenezi - kusintha mawonekedwe a umwini wa ndalama izi - kuchokera payekha kwa anthu.