Amene anapanga makinawa loyamba? The chipangizo mitundu ya telesikopu

Aliyense anapanga makinawa, mosakayikira, ndi woyenera ulemu ndi kuthokoza openda zakuthambo amakono onse. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa atulukira kwambiri pa mbiri. zakutali The walola kuphunzira malo pafupi ndi kuphunzira zambiri za loukitsa Akufa.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

Zoyesayesa loyamba kulenga telesikopu amati ndi lalikulu Leonardo da Vinci. Patents ndi maumboni chitsanzo ntchito kumeneko, koma asayansi apeza zotsalira za zithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe a magalasi chifukwa chofufuzidwa mwezi. Mwina izi ndi nthano ina yonena za munthu wapadera.

zakutali chipangizo anauza Thomas Digges, amene anali kuyesera kulenga izo. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito galasi otukukira kunja, ndi galasi concave. Palokha, kuyambitsa mungagwirire ntchito, ndipo ikusonyeza mbiri, chipangizo yoteroyo kachiwiri analenga. Koma mwaukadaulo, panalibe njira kukwaniritsidwa kwa lingaliro ili, kulenga chitsanzo ntchito za izo ndipo analephera. Njira anakhalabe sinadzatengedwe ndi achibale pa nthawiyo, ndipo Digges analowa mbiri ya zakuthambo kwa malongosoledwe a dongosolo heliocentric.

njira yaminga

Kodi chaka anatulukira zakutali, nkhani akhala maganizo. Mu 1609-mamita Dutch wasayansi Hans Lippersgey Maluso Office anapereka ake lokulitsira Kutulukira. Iye anati zakutali. Koma setifiketi ya anakanidwa chifukwa kuphweka kwambiri, ngakhale zakutali ku anayamba mwamphamvu. Especial kutchuka izo amamuonera ku oyendetsa ndipo anali wofooka kwambiri zolinga zakuthambo. sitepe A patsogolo kale.

Chaka chomwecho, makinawa lidapezeka m'manja a Thomas Hariota Kutulukira unali sanakonde, koma ayenera kuukonza ndithu chitsanzo choyambirira. Zikomo ntchito yake kwa zakuthambo nthawi yoyamba atha kuona kuti mwezi ali mtunda yake.

Galileo Galilei

Atamva pofuna kuti akonze chida chapadera kuonjezera nyenyezi, Galileo zinandichititsa chidwi kwambiri za mfundo. Chitaliyana waganiza kuti akonze dongosolo chimodzimodzi maphunziro awo. kudziwa masamu anamuthandiza ndi kuwerengetsera lapansi. zida munali chubu ndi anaikapo mu izo magalasi kwa anthu ndi vuto la maso. Ndipotu, anali makinawa choyamba.

Lero, mtundu wa zakutali amatchedwa refractory. Chifukwa cha kamangidwe bwino za Galileo apeza zinthu zambiri. Iye anali wokhoza kuti atsimikizire kuti mwezi ali mawonekedwe a dera la, anaona zimaphala ake ndi mapiri. kuwonjezeka 20 khola walola kuganizira 4 makina a Jupiter, pamaso pa mphete za Saturn, ndi zina zambiri. Pa nthawi imeneyo, chipangizo inali kukhala chida changwiro, koma ali ndi zovuta zake. Waung'ono chubu kwambiri yafupika osiyanasiyana review, ndi kupotoza umatulutsa ambiri magalasi, kupanga chithunzi anangotengeka.

Nthawi ya refracting zakutali

Mwachionekere kuyankha funso la amene woyamba anatulukira zakutali, sizigwira ntchito, chifukwa Galileo yekha bwino alipo chitoliro kumwamba amalingalira. iye akanakhoza lingaliro Lippersgeya ndi sanabwere ndi mfundo imeneyi. Mu zaka panali kusintha pang'onopang'ono chipangizo. N'zochititsa chidwi imathetsa chitukuko cha ndikosatheka kupanga mandala lalikulu.

The kutsogolera kwa pofuna anali atayamba miyendo itatu ndi. Tsopano chitoliro samayenera kugwira mu manja awo nthawi yaitali. Zimenezi zinathandiza elongation a chubu. Christiaan Huygens mu 1656 anayambitsa chipangizo ndi magnification nthawi 100, anatha kukwaniritsa zimenezi ndi kuwonjezeka mtunda pakati magalasi, kodi anaika kutalika chubu mamita 7. Patapita zaka 4 kwa makina a mamita 45 m'litali analengedwa.

Chilema kufufuza akhoza kukhala ngakhale mphepo yaing'ono. Kuchepetsa chithunzi kupotoza anayesa kuti apindula kuwonjezeka zina mtunda pakati magalasi a. Kukula kwa telesikopu wapita ku mbali ya elongation. Motalikitsa a iwo ukufika mamita 70. Zikatere kobvuta kwambiri ntchito, ndipo khamu kwambiri chipangizo.

mfundo zatsopano

Kukula kwa Optics danga anakafika impasse, koma motalika sangathe kupitiriza. Amene anapanga makinawa makamaka latsopano chabwino? Icho chinali chimodzi cha asayansi chachikulu munthawi zonse - Isaak Nyuton. M'malo mandala ndi kuganizira anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito galasi concave, umene kuchotsa kupotoza chromatic. Refracting telesikopu apita, m'malo ndi reflex bwino.

Kupezeka kwa makina, akugwira ntchito mfundo ya wonyezimiritsira a, anatembenuka sayansi zakuthambo. Galasi ntchito chidali chifuniro cha, Newton anali kuchita paokha. aloyi malata akugwiritsa ntchito kupanga ake, mkuwa ndi Arsenic. The ntchito chitsanzo choyamba akupitiriza kusungidwa, lero, izo zakhala malo a London Museum wa Astronomy. Koma panali vuto lalikulu. Amene anatulukira zakutali, sanathe kwa nthawi yaitali kuti akonze kalilole wa mawonekedwe abwino.

yojambula

1720 amalembedwa MSONKHANO wosaiwalika kwa zakuthambo lonse. Izo zinali mu chaka chino opticians anatha kulenga reflex galasi awiri a masentimita 15. Mwa njira, Newton galasi ali m'mimba mwake wa masentimita 4. Zinali yojambula weniweni, kudutsa zinsinsi za chilengedwe wakhala zambiri mosavuta. Kakang'ono telesikopu pa zimphona 40 mita anali 2 okha mamita yaitali. Kuunikira danga anakhala ano anthu ambiri.

Yaying'ono ndi omasuka telesikopu akhoza kalekale kukhala yapamwamba, ngati wina "koma." zitsulo aloyi msanga osawona chotero anataya katundu chimawala. Posachedwa galasi yomanga anali bwino ndipo anapeza zatsopano.

kalirole awiri

Yotsatira kusintha zakutali chipangizo ayenera France Kassegrenu. Iye anatulukira kalirole ntchito 2 galasi m'malo mwa m'modzi, wopangidwa ndi aloyi zitsulo. Zojambula ake ntchito, koma iye sanathe kuona, zipangizo luso sikuloledwa kuzindikira loto.

Telesikopu Newtonian ndi Cassegrain akhoza kale kuonedwa woyamba zitsanzo ano. Pamaziko a chitukuko anapitiriza tsopano ndi makinawa kamangidwe. Malinga ndi mfundo za Cassegrain anamanga ano Space Telescope "Hubble", umene kale opangidwa zambiri anthu.

Back ku Chiyambidwe

Amasonyeza sanathe potsiriza apambane. Refractors apambana ndipo anabwerera olankhulira ndi kuyambitsa kwa mitundu iwiri latsopano la galasi: NOK - mosavuta ndi mwala - zovuta. kuphatikiza anabwera amene anapanga makinawa achromatic popanda zolakwika. Kunapezeka kuti luso wasayansi J. Dollond, ulemu wake, ndi mtundu watsopano wa mandala dzina lake -. Dollondovy.

M'zaka za m'ma 19, refractory zakutali wakhala Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Ndi chitukuko cha malingaliro luso chimatheka kuti disolo abwino mawonekedwe ndi kukula kuwonjezeka. Mu 1824 godu mandala awiri anali 24 cm, mu 1966, iye anayamba mabala ziwiri, ndipo mu 1885 kale totaled 76 masentimita. Ndi kulankhula, m'mimba mwake disolo chinakwera ndi za 1 masentimita pa chaka. About galasi zipangizo pafupifupi aiwala, pamene mandala tsopano kukula m'litali, motsogozedwa kuwonjezeka awiri. Zimenezi zathandiza kusintha kuonerera ngodya ndipo nthawi yomweyo zikuluzikulu chithunzi.

okonda kwambiri

Nakhalanso ndi reflex unsembe zofufuzafufuza zakuthambo. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Uilyam Gershel, ngakhale kuti mtundu waukulu ntchito izo - nyimbo, iye apeza zinthu zambiri. The choyamba cha anapeza ake - ndi dziko Uranus. kupambana zidzachuluka anauzira chilengedwe cha makinawa pa awiri zake zazikulu. Ndi kulenga mwa kunyumba labu wanu galasi awiri a masentimita 122, iye anali kuona awiri a mwezi Saturn a, sankadziwika.

okonda bwino akankhidwira zatsopano latsopano. The vuto lalikulu la kalirole zitsulo - kudya Chifunga - sichinayambe kugonjetsa. Zimenezi zinachititsa ndi French sayansi Leona Fuko kuganiza muiike mu kalilole wina zakutali. Mu 1856 anatulutsa chipangizo kubukitsa kwa galasi galasi ndi ❖ kuyanika siliva. Zotsatira kuposa Zoneneratu onse.

Kuwonjezera ina yofunika anapanga Mikhail Lomonosov. Iye anasintha dongosolo kuti galasi anali zimayenda payekhapayekha disolo. Izi walola kuchepetsa imfa ya mafunde kuunika ndi kusintha fano. Pa nthawi yomweyo naye amenewa otsegula ndipo anati Herschel.

Tsopano chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zojambula onse, ndipo akupitiriza kusintha Optics. Iwo ubwera makompyuta ano ndi luso danga. Makinawa waukulu wa anthu amene ankakhala mu dziko - ndiye Wamkulu Canary Telescope. Koma posakhalitsa waposa ukulu wake, ali kale mu ntchito kalirole ndi awiri a 30 mamita 10,4 mamita motsutsa izo.

Telesikopu chimphona anamanga pa phiri kupewa kumatula kwa chifanizo cha m'mlengalenga mmene ndingathere. A malangizo zingamuthandize ndi ntchito yomanga telesikopu danga. Iwo amupatsa molondola kwambiri ndi chikalata pazipita. Zonsezi sizikanatheka ngati, mu 17 m'ma zakutali sichinapangidwe.