Limagwirira minofu chidule. Ntchito ndi katundu minofu chigoba

Minofu chidule - ndi ndondomeko zovuta ongokhala angapo magawo. The Gawo pano ali myosin, akitini, troponin, tropomyosin ndi actomyosin, ndi calcium ayoni ndi mankhwala amene amapereka minofu mphamvu. Taganizirani mitundu ndi njira minofu chidule. Tiyeni kuphunzira, kumene iwo anapanga njira zothandiza kuti ndondomeko cyclical.

minofu

Minofu amaphatikizidwa m'magulu, amene limagwirira chomwecho minofu chidule. Nawonso iwo anawagawa mitundu 3:

• minofu striated wa thupi;
• minofu striated wa atria ndi ventricles za mtima;
• minofu ziwalo yosalala, mitsempha ya magazi ndi khungu.

Striated minofu ndi mbali ya chitetezo cha minofu ndi mafupa, kukhala gawo la izo, chifukwa kuwonjezera pa iwo, zimenezi zimaphatikizapo tendons, Mitsemphayi, mafupa. Pamene ndikukhazikitsa limagwirira minofu chidule, kuchita ntchito zotsatirazi ndi ntchito:

• thupi chimachititsanso;
• Ziwalo imakhudzidwa wachibale wina ndi mzake;
• thupi imayendetsedwa danga;
• kutentha kwaiye;
• kotekisi ndi adamulowetsa ndi afferent ku minda amalabadira minofu.

Minofu yosalala ndi:

• galimoto zida za ziwalo, womwenso mtengo bronchial, mapapo ndi chubu m'mimba;
• ndi lymphatic ndi magazi kachitidwe;
• dongosolo urogenital ziwalo.

katundu thupi

Ngati inakhala onse thupi la munthu pali atatu katundu wofunika kwambiri ulusi minofu chigoba:

• contractility - kuchepetsa ndi kusintha voteji pamene poona;
• madutsidwe - kayendedwe mphamvu mu usasungunuke;
• excitability - poyankha nzothandiza mwa kusintha nembanemba kuthekera ndi ion permeability.

Minofu ndi okondwa ndi kuyamba kuchepa ndi zikhumbo mitsempha kubwera ku likulu. Koma m'mikhalidwe yokumba ntchito kukondoweza magetsi. minofu kuti kenako sakumvetsa mwachindunji (kukondoweza mwachindunji) kapena kudzera mitsempha innervating minofu (mozungulira kukondoweza).

mitundu ya mabala

Limagwirira wa akulu chidule zikutanthauza kutembenuka kwa mankhwala mphamvu mu ntchito makina. Zimenezi angathe kuyeza experimentally ndi chule: lake ng'ombe minofu katundu wochepa thupi, ndipo kenako limakhumudwitsa electroimpulses kuwala. Kuchepetsa, imene minofu amakhala aafupi, wotchedwa isotonic. kufupikitsa kumachitika pamene isometric chidule. Tendons musalole kukula kwa mphamvu minofu adzafupikitsidwa. limagwirira wina auksotonichesky minofu chidule kumaphatikizapo zinthu nkhawa kwambiri pamene minofu ya shortens njira kochepa, ndi mphamvu kufika pazipita.

Kapangidwe ndi innervation minofu chigoba

The striated chigoba minofu zikuphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana ulusi mu minofu connective ndi kuliika kwa tendons ndi. Mu ena ulusi minofu imakonzedwa kufanana kwa olamulira yaitali, ndipo ena ali ndi maganizo oblique, pokhala zaikidwa ndi chapakati tendon tyazhu ndi pinnate mtundu.

Mbali yaikulu ya CHIKWANGWANI ndi sarcoplasm misa ya ulusi wabwino - myofibrils. Iwo mbali yowala ndi mdima alternating ndi mzake, pamene pafupi ulusi striated ndi chamadzi - mu chigawo mtanda. Izi zimachititsa mtanda banding padziko ulusi minofu.

Sarcomere ndi zovuta, mdima ndi awiri kuwala mbale, ndipo delimited Z woboola pakati mizere. Sarcomeres - ndi contractile zida minofu. Iwo likukhalira kuti contractile minofu CHIKWANGWANI tichipeza:

• contractile zida (myofibrils dongosolo);
• trophic zida ndi mitochondria, Golgi zovuta ndi ofooka endoplasmic reticulum ;
• nembanemba chipangizo;
• Buku zida;
• mantha zida.

Minofu CHIKWANGWANI ndi mbali 5 ndi nyumba zawo ndi ntchito, ndipo ndi mbali yofunika ya minofu minofu.

innervation

ndondomeko izi ulusi striated minofu anazindikira ndi ulusi mitsempha, ndicho axons wa manyuroni galimoto ya msana ndi ubongo tsinde. motoneuron wina innervate ulusi minofu angapo. Zovuta ndi motoneuron ndi innervated ulusi minofu otchedwa neuromotor (HME) kapena galimoto Unit (Mu). Kuchuluka ulusi, umene innervates ndi motoneuron, amadziwika ndi DE minofu, wotchedwa reciprocal innervation osalimba. Yotsirizira ndi waukulu kwambiri minofu, kumene magulu ang'ono ndi "woonda" (maso, zala lilime). Mtengo wake wamng'ono M'malo mwake, mu mnofu ndi "coarse" zoyenda (mwachitsanzo, torso).

Innervation akhoza kukhala limodzi ndi angapo. Mbali yoyamba ndi anazindikira yaying'ono galimoto mathero. Kawirikawiri lililonse kwa manyuroni lalikulu galimoto. Minofu ulusi (wotchedwa mu nkhani iyi, thupi, kapena kudya) kupoletsa PD (ungathe kuchita kanthu) kuti akugwira ntchito kwa iwo.

Angapo innervation amapezeka Mwachitsanzo, mu minofu kunja diso. Izi si kanthu kuthekera ndi kwaiye, kuyambira Kakhungu palibe electroexcitability ndi sodium ngalande. Iwo amafalitsidwa mu CHIKWANGWANI depolarization wa mathero synaptic. Izi ndi zofunika kuti yambitsa limagwirira minofu chidule. ndondomeko apa si mofulumira monga mmene zinalili poyamba. Choncho, umatchedwa pang'onopang'ono.

Kapangidwe ka myofibrils ndi

minofu CHIKWANGWANI kafukufuku ikuchitika masiku ano pamaziko a X-ray mapindidwe akuwala, elekitironi wamamamayikirosikopu, ndi njira histochemical.

Iwo apeza kuti ku aliyense myofibril, awiri amene ali 1 micron, muli pafupifupi 2,500 protofibrils, i.e. elongated polymerized mamolekyulu mapuloteni (akitini ndi myosin). protofibrils akitini kawiri n'kakang'ono myosin. Pa zina, minofu imeneyi ili kuti akitini filament nsonga kudutsa mu malo pakati pa protofibrils myosin.

A Mzere yopapatiza kwa kuwala litayamba A amasulidwa filaments akitini. A Kakhungu Z imawamatiriza pamodzi.

Pa myosin filaments ndi protrusions yopingasa 20 nm, mu mitu imene ili pafupi 150 myosin mamolekyulu. Iwo achoke biopolyarno, ndipo aliyense myosinic mutu zikugwirizana kwa akitini filament. Pamene pali maganizo pa filaments malo akitini myosin, akitini filament ndi penipeni a sarcomere lapansi. Kumapeto kwa filaments myosin kuwafika mzere Z. Kenako kutenga sarcomere lonse, ndi akitini ali pakati pawo. Pa nthawi yomweyo ine kuyendetsa kutalika yafupika, ndi Mapeto Mwamsanga kwathunthu, pamodzi ndi zimene mzere Z amakhala thicker.

Choncho, malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha kusuntha yarns, chifukwa yafupika kutalika ulusi minofu. Chiphunzitso amatchedwa "zida", anayamba kupanga ndi Huxley ndi Hanson pakati pa zaka mazana makumi awiri.

Limagwirira minofu CHIKWANGWANI chidule

Chiphunzitso chachikulu ndicho kuti palibe filament (myosin ndi akitini) ali adzafupikitsidwa. kutalika amakhalabe zikutsatiridwa ndi minofu kukungika. Koma mitolo ya filaments woonda, amalowetsa, kupita pakati filaments pakatikati, amachepetsa mlingo wa alipo, choncho palibe kuchepetsa a.

Limagwirira maselo a minofu chidule ili ndi kutsetsereka akitini filaments. Myosin mutu chikugwirizana protofibrils ndi akitini. Ndi otsetsereka awo uko kutsetsereka, kusuntha akitini filament ku likulu la sarcomere lapansi. Chifukwa bungwe ochititsa kuti ka tinthu myosin mbali zonse za filaments, mikhalidwe kwa kutsetsereka wa filaments akitini mu madera osiyana.

Pamene minofu zosangalatsa myosin mutu ukusunthira kutali filaments akitini. Ndi zosavuta Pepala omasuka imakungika kukana zochepa kwambiri. Chotero, kuonera lengthened.

masitepe kuchepetsa

Limagwirira wa akulu chidule akhoza mwachidule kugawidwa mu magawo zotsatirazi:

1. Minofu CHIKWANGWANI ali analimbikitsa pamene angathe kuchitapo kanthu umaperekedwa kwa manyuroni injini ya synapses lapansi.
2. Angathe kuchitapo kanthu kwaiye pa Kakhungu a minofu CHIKWANGWANI, ndipo kenako kufalikira kwa myofibrils lapansi.
3. Pochita electromechanical awiri akuimira kutembenuka kwa magetsi mu makina kutsetsereka PD. Izi kwenikweni kumaphatikizapo kashiamu ayoni.

kashiamu ayoni

Kumvetsa za ndondomeko ya CHIKWANGWANI kutsegula kwa ayoni kashiamu yabwino kuganizira Kapangidwe ka akitini filament. m'litali ndi za 1 micron, makulidwe - 5 mpaka 7 nm. Izi peyala ya ulusi wopota, amene amafanana akitini monomer. Alionse nm 40 kuno ndi ozungulira troponin molekyulu, ndi pakati unyolo - tropomiozinovye.

Pamene kashiamu ayoni ali kwina, myofibrils mwachitsanzo kumasuka yaitali tropomiozinovye mamolekyulu ndigwire ubwenzi unyolo akitini ndi myosin milatho. Koma pamene adamulowetsa kashiamu ayoni tropomiozinovye mamolekyulu kumira m'madera mwakuya ndi lotseguka.

Ndiye milatho myosin amagwira kwa filaments akitini ndi amang'amba ATP ndipo akufotokozera minofu mphamvu. Izi ndi zotheka chifukwa mmene kashiamu troponin. Mu molekyulu zathera ndi olumala, potero kukankhira tropomyosin.

Pamene minofu ndi omasuka, ndi 1 galamu chonyowa kulemera lili oposa 1 mmol wa calcium. Kashiamu salt ali okhaokha ndi wapadera zipangizo yosungirako. Apo ayi, minofu nthawi zonse anakana.

kashiamu waikamo motere. M'madera osiyanasiyana maselo zakulera minofu mkati CHIKWANGWANI ndi machubu kudzera omwe pali kugwirizana ndi chilengedwe kunja maselo. Ndi kachitidwe ka tubules yopingasa. dongosolo ndi perpendicular ku malekezero kotenga amene - vesicles (osachiritsika) akasinja imakonzedwa umakhala pafupi dongosolo yopingasa diaphragms. Pamodzi analandira wa ku. Izo zinali mu mbale kusungidwa calcium.

Popeza PD ndi anagawira mu khungu, ndipo pali conjugation electromechanical. Malemeredwe likulowerera usasungunuke akudutsa mu kotenga dongosolo zimatulutsa calcium. Choncho limagwirira kuchepetsa ikuchitika ulusi minofu.

3 ndondomeko ndi ATP

Mu ntchito mogwirizana kwa m'magawo onse pamaso pa kashiamu ayoni ntchito ndithu kwa ATP. Pamene ndikukhazikitsa limagwirira minofu chidule minofu chigoba mphamvu ATP ntchito:

• ntchito soda ndi mpope potaziyamu amene amakhala ndende zonse ayoni;
• zinthu zimenezi pa mbali zosiyana nembanemba ya;
• kutsetsereka filaments zowononga myofibrils;
• Job kashiamu mpope akuchita kumasuka.

ATP ndi maselo, ndi filaments wa myosin ndi reticulum nembanemba sarcoplasmic. Michere kuphwanyaphwanya ndi kuwataya myosin.

kumwa ATP

Amadziwika kuti myosin mitu kucheza ndi akitini ndipo lili zinthu kuti pogawanikana pamawere ATP. adamulowetsa Last akitini ndi myosin pamaso pa ayoni magnesium. Choncho puloteni pogawanikana pamawere chikuchitika pamene Ufumuyo akitini myosin mutu. Kwakukulu mtanda milatho ya akuwaza liwiro adzakhala apamwamba.

ATP limagwirira

Nditamaliza kayendedwe wa AFL molekyulu limapereka mphamvu kwa kulekana zotani nawo akitini ndi myosin. Myosin mutu anapatukana, ATP ndi lamamatira kuti phosphate ndi ADP. Mapeto latsopano chikugwirizana ATP molekyulu ndi mkombero tikupitiriza. Imeneyo ndiyo njira minofu chidule ndi zosangalatsa pa mlingo maselo.

Ntchito ya mtanda milatho chidzakhalapo kokha malinga ngati ATP hydrolysis amapezeka. Ngati inu ndigwire milatho enzyme sati Ufumuyo kachiwiri.

Ndi isanayambike imfa ya mlingo chamoyo wa ATP maselo a kugwa milatho kukhalabe stably lokhazikika kwa akitini filament. Kotero pali siteji ya rigor mortis.

ATP resynthesis

Resynthesis akhoza akuyendera njira ziwiri.

Ndi enzymatic kulanda gulu mankwala ku creatine mankwala kuti ADP. Popeza m'matangadza wa creatine muchipindachi zambiri ATP resynthesis akuyendera mwamsanga. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni asidi pyruvic ndi lactic asidi resynthesis adzakhala pang'onopang'ono.

ATP ndi CP akhoza kutha kwathunthu ngati resynthesis wathyoka ziphe. Ndiye kashiamu mpope amasiya ntchito, chifukwa mu minofu ndi irreversibly yafupika (ie kubwera contracture). Choncho, wosweka limagwirira wa akulu chidule.

ndondomeko Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa

Mwachidule, tiona kuti kuchepetsa ulusi minofu ndi adzafupikitsidwa aliyense myofibrils sarcomeres. The filaments wa myosin (wandiweyani) ndi akitini (woonda) chikugwirizana malekezero mu mkhalidwe omasuka. Koma iwo amayamba kutsetsereka kuyenda kwa wina ndi mnzake pamene akuyendera limagwirira minofu chidule. Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa (mwachidule) limafotokoza ndondomeko imene mukopedwe myosin adzamasulidwa ndi mphamvu zokwanira kutembenuza ATP kuti ADP. Choncho myosin ntchito chidzakwaniritsidwa kokha pamene okhutira okwanira ayoni kashiamu kudziunjikira mu reticulum sarcoplasmic.