Cell: mphamvu ndi dongosolo. Mtengo wa maselo mphamvu. Zitsanzo za maselo mphamvu

Maphunziro amakono komanso anakhazikitsa kuti selo ndi zovuta structural ndi zinchito unit wa pafupifupi onse zamoyo, kupatula mavairasi, omwe si a ma zamoyo. Cytology maphunziro kapangidwe ndi ntchito ma: kupuma, kudya, kubereka, kukula. pasukuluyi ayankhidwa mu pepala ili.

kapangidwe selo

Pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala ndi elekitironi maso akatswiri anapeza kuti zomera ndi nyama maselo ali pamwamba Unit (nadmembrannye ndi submembrane maofesi), cytoplasm ndi organelles. Maselo nyama pa Kakhungu ndi glycocalyx munali michere ndi kupereka mphamvu selo kunja cytoplasm lapansi. Mu chomera maselo, prokaryotes (tizilombo cyanobacteria) ndi bowa pa Kakhungu ndi aumbike khoma selo, chomwe ndi mapadi, lignin kapena murein.

Ngale ndi kuvomerezedwa organelle wa eukaryotes. Ndi chuma cholowa - DNA ndi mawonekedwe DNA. Mabakiteriya ndi cyanobacteria muli nucleoid, kumachita monga chotengera cha deoxyribonucleic acid. Iwo onse amachita ntchito mosamalitsa yeniyeni, kuchititsa kagayidwe kachakudya njira yotere.

Kodi tikati mawu akuti "selo chakudya"

Moyo mawonetseredwe maselo ndi kanthu koma kulanda mphamvu ndi kusintha izo kwa mtundu wina ndi mzake (malinga ndi lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe). Mphamvu ili zakudya zobisika, T. E. Oyembekedzera boma zipita mamolekyulu ATP. Pa funso la mphamvu maselo zamoyo, pali yankho kuti amaganizira postulates zotsatirazi:

1. A selo monga machitidwe lotseguka kwachilengedwenso amafuna otaya zonse mphamvu kwa chilengedwe.
2. zinthu Organic kuti zifunika kwa mphamvu, selo akhoza zopezera m'njira ziwiri:

a) kwa sing'anga extracellular, mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala wokonzeka;

b) paokha synthesizing mapulotini, chakudya mafuta, kuchokera carbon dioxide, amoniya, etc.

Choncho, zamoyo zonse anawagawa kagayidwe heterotrophic ndi autotrophic zimene zimaonetsa maphunziro sayansi.

Kagayidwe ndi Energy

Organic zinthu kulowa selo kukumana pogawanikana pamawere, umene mphamvu linatuluka mu mawonekedwe a ATP kapena NADP-H2. Achikhalire lonse la Zimene kuloŵerera ndi dissimilation - izo ndi kagayidwe. Pansipa ife tiyang'ana pa magawo a kagayidwe mphamvu, kupereka zakudya maselo heterotrophic. Choyamba, mapuloteni, chakudya, ndi lipids unagwa mu monomers awo: amino zidulo, shuga, glycerol ndi mafuta zidulo. Ndiye, mu chimbudzi mpweya-free, ali zimawonongeka zina (anaerobic chimbudzi).

Mu njira iyi pali zoyendetsedwa okhudza maselo ambiri majeremusi rickettsia, chlamydia, komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Clostridium. Unicellular bowa-yisiti Mamatirani shuga ndi Mowa, mabakiteriya asidi lactic - kwa asidi lactic. Choncho, glycolysis, mowa, butyric, lactic asidi nayonso mphamvu - izi ndi zitsanzo maselo mphamvu chifukwa cha anaerobic chimbudzi mu heterotrophs.

Autotrophic ndi mbali ya njira kagayidwe kachakudya

Pakuti zamoyo padziko lapansi mphamvu yaikulu gwero ndi dzuwa. Uyamiko kwa Iye, ikukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu a lathuli. Ena a iwo apanga zakudya chifukwa mphamvu ya kuwala, iwo amatchedwa phototrophic. Ena - mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu zochita redox, iwo amatchedwa chemotroph. Mu umodzi tating'ono algae zakudya selo, zithunzi za amene anapereka m'munsimu, kukhala photosynthetically.

zomera Green ali wotchedwa chlorophyll, omwe ali mbali ya chloroplast lapansi. Iye akutumikira monga mlongoti, ndipo adani quanta kuwala. Kuwala ndi mbali mdima wa dzuwa zikuchitika enzymatic anachita (Calvin mkombero) chifukwa cha zomwe ndi mapangidwe mpweya woipa zinthu organic ntchito kudya. Choncho, selo amene mphamvu chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kuwala, anatchula autotrophic kapena phototrophic.

zamoyo Unicellular otchedwa hemosintetikami, mapangidwe zinthu organic ntchito mphamvu anamasulidwa ndi zochita mankhwala, mwachitsanzo, mankhwala mabakiteriya chitsulo oxidize chitsulo akakhala kuti ferric, ndi mphamvu anamasulidwa amapita ku kaphatikizidwe wa mamolekyulu shuga.

Choncho, zamoyo chithunzi-kupanga analanda kuwala mphamvu ndi kusintha mu mphamvu covalent mono- ndi polysaccharides. Ndiye motsatira mfundo za unyolo chakudya mphamvu anasamutsa kwa maselo a zamoyo heterotrophic. M'mawu ena, chifukwa photosynthesis, pali zinthu zonse structural wa biosphere lapansi. Tikhoza kunena kuti maselo mphamvu chikuperekedwa autotrophic, "wakudya" osati yekha komanso anthu onse a dziko lapansi.

Monga zamoyo heterotrophic kudyetsa

Maselo amene chakudya zimadalira chiphaso m'menemo zinthu organic ku malo akunja, wotchedwa heterotrophic. Zamoyo monga bowa, nyama, anthu, ndi mabakiteriya parasitic kuphwanya chakudya, mapuloteni ndi mafuta mothandizidwa ndi michere m'mimba.

Ndiye, monomers chifukwa ndi chosakanikirana ndi selo ndi ntchito kumanga organelles ake ndi moyo. Kusungunuka zakudya kulowa selo ndi pinocytosis, ndi tinthu olimba chakudya - phagocytosis. zamoyo Heterotrophic akhoza kugawidwa mu saprotroph ndi majeremusi. Woyamba (mwachitsanzo, nthaka mabakiteriya, nkhungu, ena tizilombo) kudyetsa pa nkhani akufa organic, ndi yamasika (mabakiteriya, nyongolotsi, parasitic bowa) - maselo zimakhala zinthu zamoyo.

Mixotrophy, kugawa awo mu uthunthu

Wosanganiza chakudya mu chikhalidwe ali osowa kwambiri ndipo ndi mtundu chida (idioadaptatsy) kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Waukulu chikhalidwe mixotrophic - ndi kukhalapo mu maselo organelles munali wotchedwa chlorophyll dzuwa ndi puloteni kachitidwe kuti kuphwanya zakudya wokonzeka kubwera kwa chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, limodzi tating'ono nyama euglena wobiriwira lili chromatophores hyaloplasm ndi chlorophyll.

Pamene mosungiramo, momwe ukhala euglena, bwino anayatsa, izo wakudya mbewu, mwachitsanzo. E. Autotrophically ndi dzuwa. Chifukwa cha mpweya ndi apanga shuga, chimene chiri kwa chipinda ndipo ntchito ngati chakudya. euglena zoyendetsedwa usiku heterotrophically anadziphatika zinthu organic ndi michere ili mu vacuoles m'mimba. Choncho, mixotrophic maselo mphamvu, asayansi amakhulupirira chitsimikizo cha mgwirizano magwero a nyama ndi zomera.

kukula chipinda ndipo ubwenzi wake ndi trophico

Kuwonjezeka m'litali, misa, voliyumu, ngati thupi lonse ndi ziwalo zake ndi zimakhala, wotchedwa kukula. Iye sangakhale popanda chakudya zonse zakudya maselo kuti atumikire monga nyumba zingatipunthwitse. Kuti tipeze yankho la funso mmene kukula maselo amenewa amapezeka zakudya autotrophic, m'pofunika kuti anthu amvetse kaya ndi thupi palokha kapena gawo la structural unit wa munthu multicellular. Mbali yoyamba, kukula adzachitidwa pa interphase wa mkombero selo. Izo mofulumira njira kagayidwe pulasitiki zimachitika. Mphamvu zamoyo heterotrophic correlatively kugwirizana ndi pamaso pa chakudya akubwera kuchokera malo akunja. Kukula ndi multicellular chamoyo kumachitika chifukwa mu kutsegula kwa zimakhala biosynthetic maphunziro, komanso kuchuluka kwa njira anabolic, zochita catabolic pamwamba.

Ntchito ya mpweya mu chakudya maselo heterotrophic

zamoyo thupi: mabakiteriya ena, bowa, zinyama ndi anthu ntchito mpweya chimbudzi wathunthu wa zakudya monga shuga kwa mpweya woipa komanso madzi (Krebs mkombero). Kumachitika mu masanjidwewo kwa mayitirokondiriyoni munali enzymatic dongosolo H + -ATP-ase, amene synthesizes molekyulu wa ATP ku ADP. Mu zamoyo prokaryotic, monga aerobic mabakiteriya ndi cyanobacteria, mpweya dissimilation sitepe kumachitika pa plasma Kakhungu maselo.

Kulunjika kotunga gametes

Mu zamoyo ndi mphamvu cytology selo akhoza mwachidule anafotokoza kuti ndondomeko atuluka zakudya momwemo, kaphatikizidwe awo ndi pogawanikana pamawere ndalama zina za mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a ATP mamolekyulu. Trophism gametes: umakakumana ndi umuna, lili makhalidwe ena anagwirizana ndi kulunjika mkulu wa ntchito zawo. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka akazi maselo ubereki, anakakamizika kudziunjikira chakudya yaikulu ya zakudya, makamaka mu mawonekedwe a dzira yolk.

Pambuyo umuna, izo kupiphatisa onongani ndi mapangidwe Ndisanaumbidwe lapansi. The spermatozoa pa kusasitsa (spermatogenesis) analandira zinthu organic ku maselo Sertoli, yomwe ili tubules seminiferous. Choncho, onse a mitundu gametes mkulu kagayidwe kachakudya kugunda, zomwe ndi zotheka chifukwa cha yogwira trophic selo.

Udindo wa zakudya mchere

njira kagayidwe kachakudya si zotheka popanda kuchuluka kwa cations ndi anions amapanga salt mchere. Mwachitsanzo, n'koyenera dzuwa mankhwala enaake a ion, kachitidwe enzymatic mitochondria - ayoni potaziyamu ndi calcium, kukhalabe buffering mphamvu hyaloplasm - pamaso pa ayoni ndi sodium komanso carbonate anions acid. Solutions salt mchere kulowa selo ndi pinocytosis kapena mayamwidwe mwa selo nembanemba. Maminolo zakudya chibadidwe maselo onse autotrophic ndi heterotrophic.

Kuti adzimvera, taona kuti mtengo wa maselo mphamvu yaikulu kwenikweni, kuyambira ndondomeko izi zimabweretsa mapangidwe zakuthupi nyumba (chakudya, mafuta ndi mapuloteni) mpweya woipa mu zamoyo autotrophic. maselo Heterotrophic kudya zinthu organic anapanga chifukwa autotrophs ntchito. Chifukwa mphamvu ntchito kwa kubereka, kukula, zoyenda, ndi njira zina zofunika.