Graphene ndi tanthauzo lake. Kupezeka kwa graphene. Nanotechnology mu dziko lamakono

Ndi posachedwapa in Science and Technology ndi dera latsopano, wotchedwa nanotechnology. Ziyembekezo chilango chimenechi si ambiri. Iwo ali wofuna. The tinthu, amatchedwa "nano" ndi wofanana ndi biliyoni wina wa kachigawo laphindu. Miyeso izi zitha poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa maatomu ndi mamolekyulu. Mwachitsanzo, nanometer amatchedwa limodzi biliyoni a mita.

The malangizo yaikulu ya munda latsopano la sayansi

Nanotechnology anati anthu kuti kusintha nkhaniyo mlingo wa mamolekyulu ndi maatomu. Choncho, mbali iyi sayansi amatchedwanso luso maselo. anali kutsogolera kwa chitukuko chiyani? Nanotechnology mu dziko ano anaonekera chifukwa cha nkhani Richarda Feynmana. Mmenemo wasayansi wasonyeza kuti palibe zopinga za kulengedwa kwa zinthu mwachindunji kwa ma atomu.

Tanthauzo Lake kwa mpheto bwino particles ting'onoting'ono assembler. Izi nanomachine maselo, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito kumanga dongosolo lililonse. Mwachitsanzo, assembler ndi angatchedwe ribosome zachilengedwe synthesizing mapuloteni ku zamoyo zina.

Nanotechnology mu Masiku ano si malo umodzi wa akatswiri. Iwo kuimira kuchuluka lonse la kafukufuku mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi sayansi ambiri ofunika. Ena mwa iwo ndi sayansi, umagwirira ndi zamoyo. Malinga ndi asayansi, sayansi izi adzakhala ndi kutsogolera yamphamvu kwambiri chitukuko ndi limakhala wa nanotech kubwera zisinthe.

dera ntchito

Lembani muzochitika zones za ntchito za anthu, pamene nanotechnology ntchito lero, n'zosatheka chifukwa cha mndandanda chidwi kwambiri. Choncho, ndi thandizo la munda wa sayansi amapangidwa:

- zipangizo superdense kujambula mfundo iliyonse;
- zipangizo zosiyanasiyana;
- masensa, maselo dzuwa, michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi transistors;
- zambiri, kompyuta ndi luso zambiri;
- nanoimprint ndi nanolithography;
- zipangizo kasungidwe mphamvu, ndipo mabatire;
- chitetezo, malo ndi ndege ntchito;
- bioinstrumentary.

Pa munda wa sayansi nanotechnology mu Russia, USA, Japan ndi angapo a ku Ulaya ndi ndalama zambiri allocated chaka. Ichi ndi chifukwa chiyembekezo lalikulu chitukuko cha dera lino la kafukufuku.

Nanotechnology kuchitikanso mu Russia malinga ndi chandamale pulogalamu Federal, amene amathandiza ndalama osati chuma chambiri, komanso onyamula wambirimbiri kapangidwe ndi kufufuza ntchito. Kukwaniritsa zolinga kupita kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa za machitidwe osiyanasiyana sayansi ndi luso pa mlingo wa mabungwe dziko ndi anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

zinthu zatsopano

Nanotechnology asayansi amatha kutulutsa mbale mpweya kwambiri kuposa diamondi amene makulidwe ndi atomu imodzi yokha. Amakhala graphene. Ndi thinnest ndi wamphamvu zinthu m'chilengedwe chonse, yomwe transmits magetsi simuziposa tchipisi pakachitsulo kompyuta.

Kupezeka kwa graphene weniweni chosintha chochitika, zomwe zingathandize kusintha zinthu mu miyoyo yathu. Nkhanizi ndi katundu kotero wapadera thupi kuti linachokera limasintha umunthu wa zinthu ndi zinthu.

History of anapeza

Graphene ndi ziwiri ooneka enieni krustalo. matabwa ake ndi latisi hexagonal ongokhala maatomu mpweya. maphunziro ongolankhula wa graphene anayamba kale kupeza zolinga zake zenizeni, kuyambira zinthu maziko kumanga ndi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena graphite krustalo.

Ngakhale mu 1947 G. P. Volles ali ndi katundu wa graphene, nawatsimikizira kuti matabwa ake ndi zitsulo ofanana ndi makhalidwe ena ofanana ndi a kopitilira muyeso-relativistic particles, neutrinos ndi photons massless. Komabe, zinthu zatsopano pali kusiyana kwambiri kuti kupanga yapadera mu chikhalidwe chake. Koma chitsimikiziro cha anapezazo izi zimapezeka kokha mu 2004 pamene Konstantin Novoselov ndi Andrey Geim anali woyamba akamagwira mpweya m'chigawo ufulu. mankhwala atsopano amatchedwa graphene, ndi ameja anapeza asayansi. Pezani chinthu ichi mukhoza kukhala pensulo. graphite ake ndodo wapangidwa angapo zigawo za graphene. Kodi pensulo masamba chizindikiro pa pepala? mfundo ndi yakuti, ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya zigawo zikuluzikulu maziko a zigawo, pali kugwirizana ofooka kwambiri pakati pawo. Iwo zosavuta kugwa mu kukhudzana ndi pepala, kusiya njira yakulemba.

Ntchito zinthu zatsopano

Malinga ndi asayansi, masensa kuti zochokera graphene, athe kudziwa mphamvu ndi chikhalidwe cha ndegeyo, komanso kulosera zivomezi. Koma pamene nkhaniyo ndi katundu ngati adzasiya zidzasintha khoma Laboratories bwino ntchito yothandiza kukhala ku mbali ya thunthu. Pa pano tsiku, akatswiri, sayansi ndi akatswiri a zamagetsi kale chidwi mphamvu yapadera graphene. Pambuyo magalamu zochepa chabe mwa thunthu akhoza ataphimbidwa dera wofanana losewerera mpira.

Graphene ndi tanthauzo lake zingakhale ankaona kupanga makina opepuka ndi ndege. M'dera lino, chuma china m'malo mpweya ulusi mu zipangizo gulu. Nanomaterials akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo transistors pakachitsulo ndi kukhazikitsa mu pulasitiki kuupereka madutsidwe magetsi.

Graphene ndi ntchito zake tikambirana kupanga zinthu kachipangizo. zipangizozi anapanga pa maziko a zinthu zatsopano adzatha kudziwa molekyulu owopsa. Koma ntchito nano-ufa kupanga mabatire magetsi nthawi kuti tiziphunzitsa mogwira awo.

Graphene ndi tanthauzo lake zafotokozedwa optoelectronics. Zakuthupi latsopano zidzakuyenderani opepuka kwambiri ndi cholimba pulasitiki imene muli ndi adzalola kwa masabata angapo kusunga chakudya mwatsopano.

Ntchito graphene ndi chikuyembekezeka amapanga ndi mandala ❖ kuyanika conductive wofunikila oyang'anira, mapanelo dzuwa ndi mphamvu ndi zambiri kugonjetsedwa ndi zotsatira makina a mphepo turbines.

Yachokera nanomaterial adzakhala ndi masewera zipangizo bwino, amadzala zachipatala ndi supercapacitors.

Komanso, graphene ndi tanthauzo lake zogwirizana:

- mkulu-pafupipafupi mkulu-mphamvu zamakono;
- Kakhungu yokumba kulekanitsa madzi ziwiri m'galimoto;
- chikusintha madutsidwe katundu ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana;
- kulenga kuwonetsera getsi organic emitting diode;
- inapita patsogolo chitukuko cha njira yatsopano ya DNA molumikiza;
- kusintha kusonyezedwa madzi Krustalo;
- ballistic transistors.

The ntchito makampani magalimoto

Ofufuza mphamvu yeniyeni akuyandikira graphene 65 kWh / kg. chiwerengerochi nthawi 47 kuposa amene ali ambiri masiku ano lifiyamu-ion mabatire. Mfundo imeneyi, asayansi ntchito kulenga mbadwo watsopano wa chargers batire.

Graphene polima batire - chipangizo njira imene pazipita mphamvu ya magetsi efficiently nditamva. Panopa ntchito pa izo ikuchitika ndi ofufuza m'mayiko ambiri. patsogolo chidwi akwaniritsa asayansi Spanish pa nkhani imeneyi. Graphene-polima batire, iwo analenga ali mowa mphamvu, maulendo kuposa chithunzi chimodzimodzi mabatire alipo. Iwo ntchito akonzekeretse magalimoto magetsi. The makina, amene anaika graphene batire, amatha kuyenda popanda kuima zikwi makilomita. Kudzutsa mphamvu mphamvu ya magetsi gwero pamene kutopa simudzafuna kuposa mphindi 8.

touchscreens

Asayansi kupitiriza kufufuza graphene, kupanga zinthu zatsopano ndi chosasimbika. Choncho, mpweya nanomaterial wapeza ntchito kwake pa ulimi umene umabala kukhudza zowonetsera ndi chophimba lonse. Mawu akuti angaoneke ndi chipangizo kusintha kwa mtundu uwu.

Asayansi muli ndi pepala graphene ndi amakona anayi mu mawonekedwe natembenukira kukhala elekitirodi mandala. Iye ali nawo ntchito ya zenera logwira, kuchepetsa kwambiri kwake, chilungamo, kutakasuka, zachilengedwe waubwenzi ndi mtengo wotsika.

kupeza graphene

Kuchokera mu 2004, pamene anatsegula nanomaterials zatsopano, asayansi katswiri angapo njira kukonzekera. Komabe, zofunika kwambiri za njira izi amaonedwa:

- makina exfoliation;
- epitaxial kukula mu zingalowe;
- yozizira perofaznogo mankhwala (CVD-ndondomeko).

Woyamba wa njira zitatu izi ndi zophweka kwambiri. graphene kupanga ndi exfoliation makina ndi ntchito yapadera graphite pamwamba zomatira ya zomatira tepi. Pambuyo maziko, monga pepala, kuyamba zosinthira ndi unbend, kulekanitsa zinthu ankafuna. Pamene ntchito njira imeneyi graphene kupeza wapamwamba. Komabe, zimenezi si oyenera kuŵeta wa nanomaterials.

Pamene ntchito njira kukula epitaxial a yopyapyala woonda pakachitsulo ntchito, pamwamba wosanjikiza amene ali pakachitsulo carbide. Komanso, zinthu izi usavutike pa kutentha kwambiri (1000 K). Chifukwa cha zochita mankhwala ndi wosiyana ndi pakachitsulo maatomu maatomu mpweya yoyamba vaporize. Chifukwa, Baibulo akhala koyera graphene. The sangathe njira ndi kufunika ntchito kutentha kwambiri, yomwe angayambe pa kuyaka kwa maatomu mpweya.

Yodalirika ndiponso yosavuta njira ntchito kuŵeta wa graphene, ndi CVD-ndondomeko. Ndi njira imene mankhwala anachita pakati pa zitsulo TACHIMATA chothandizira ndi hydrocarbon mpweya.

Umene umabala graphene?

Pakali pano, ndi kampani yaikulu, chimabala nanomaterial latsopano lili China. Dzina la Mlengi - Ningbo Morsh Technology. graphene kupanga anayamba mu 2012.

Ogula waukulu nanomaterial ndi kampani Chongqing Morsh Technology. Graphene ntchito yopanga conductive mafilimu mandala, amene anaikapo mu kuwonetsera touchscreen.

Ndi posachedwapa, kampani odziwika Nokia Chatuluka ndi setifiketi pa kachipangizo fano. Monga gawo la izi zofunika kwambiri ndi zigawo zingapo za graphene kuwala chida amafotokozera. Chotero kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu masensa makamera kumawonjezera kwambiri tilinazo awo (mpaka nthawi 1000). Pa nthawi yomweyo anati kuchepetsa mowa magetsi. kamera yabwino kwa yamakono adzakhala muli graphene.

Kukonzekera kwa chilengedwe zoweta,

Kodi n'zotheka kubala graphene kunyumba? Likukhalira, inde! Inu muyenera kutenga khitchini blender mphamvu osachepera 400 W ndi kutsatira njira anayamba ndi sayansi ya Irish.

Kodi kubala graphene kunyumba? Chifukwa chaichi blender chikho unatsanuliridwa 500 ml ya madzi powonjezera 10-25 ml ya detergent aliyense madzi ndi magalamu 20-50 ya slate wosweka. Komanso chipangizo ayenera kuthamanga kwa mphindi 10 kuti theka la ola, kufikira maonekedwe a slurry wa flakes graphene. Nkhani chifukwa adzakhala ndi madutsidwe mkulu umene ungampange ntchito mu maelekitirodi maselo dzuwa. Graphene amathanso kusintha katundu pulasitiki opangidwa chilengedwe zoweta.

okusayidi nanomaterial

Asayansi mwakhama kufufuza ndipo graphene dongosolo ngati kuti mkati kapena pa m'mbali mwa thumba kaboni Ufumuyo kapena mpweya munali magulu zinchito (s) wa molekyulu ndi. Izi olimba nano-okusayidi amene ali woyamba awiri azithunzi omwe tikunena zithunzi, amene anafika siteji ya kupanga malonda. Kuyambira nano- ndi microparticles dongosolo lino asayansi centimeter zitsanzo umatulutsa.

Choncho, okusayidi graphene osakaniza ndi mpweya diofilizirovannym posachedwapa akamagwira asayansi Chinese. Izi ndi opepuka kwambiri zinthu centimeter kyubu yomwe imachitika pa pamakhala a duwa laling'ono. Koma mankhwala atsopano, imene okusayidi graphene ndi imodzi mwa olimba kwambiri mu dziko.

ntchito Biomedical

Graphene okusayidi ali ndi katundu wapadera wa selectivity. Izi adzalola thunthu kupeza ntchito Biomedical. Choncho, chifukwa cha ntchito asayansi zinali zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito graphene okusayidi kwa matenda a khansa. Azindikire khansa pa siteji oyambirira a chitukuko kulola lapadera kuwala ndipo magetsi katundu wa nanomaterial lapansi.

Komanso graphene okusayidi amalola yobereka akulimbana mankhwala ndi diagnostics. Pamaziko a nkhaniyi ndi sorption biosensors, kunenanso DNA.

ntchito mafakitale

sorbents zosiyanasiyana zochokera okusayidi ndi graphene angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa kachilombo dezaktsivatsii achilengedwe ndipo anapanga zinthu. A kagawo ka nanomaterial yogwira akhoza pokonza pansi ndi madzi pamwamba, nthaka komanso kuchotsa iwo kuchokera radionuclide lapansi.

Zosefera ku okusayidi graphene angapereke superchistotoy malo, umene umabala zigawo pakompyuta ntchito yapadera. Wapadera katundu wa nkhaniyi adzakhala kudutsa mu chabwino luso mankhwala dera. Makamaka, zingakhale m'zigawo zitsulo nyukiliya anamwazikana ndi osowa. Choncho, ntchito okusayidi graphene amalola kuti wachotsa golide kuchokera otsika kalasi ores.