Kodi maziko a magawidwe zathupi lawolawo. magawidwe Geographical cholinga, njira ndi mfundo

Padziko lathuli ndi sakanikira kwambiri. Magawo amasiyana Chrixitu mu mpumulo, kapangidwe miyala, chikhalidwe cha zomera ndi chikuto nthaka. Kuti mwanjira streamline zachilengedwe "chisokonezeko", asayansi akhala ndi magawidwe. Geographers zitsulo conventionally kugawa lapansi pamwamba pa lamba, gulu, dera ndi dziko.

ndi maziko a regionalization zathupi Hrs chiyani? Kodi zolinga zikuluzikulu ziti? Pamaziko a mfundo ndi njira zotani kuti ikuchitika? Mayankho a mafunso amenewa amapezeka m'nkhani.

Magawidwe wa thupi-Hrs: tanthauzo ndi zomwenso

magawidwe Geographical (chidule - GRF) - limanenedwa magawano dongosolo pansi. Timatha inu kuunikila ziwalo za chivundikirocho Hrs, amene amasiyana homogeneity ena. Pansi pachilichonse ichi kwenikweni ankatanthauza wamba Geological Kapangidwe ka gawo, zimachititsa chilumbachi, nyengo, nthaka, nyama ndi zomera.

Komanso, chotero magawidwe limakupatsani kudzatunga omveka bwino pakati pa mbali imeneyi ya envelopu lawolawo.

Physiographic magawidwe chinkhoswe asayansi ambiri, geographers ndi ofufuza. Pakati pawo: A. Radishchev, HA Chebotarev, AI Voeikov, LS Berg, VP Semenov-Tyan-Shan, FN Mielke, Na Sun ndi zina. Pa gawo lino la chitukuko cha ziwembu osiyana magawidwe ntchito akatswiri a Moscow State University. Lomonosov.

A mwachidule mbiri ya chitukuko cha regionalization thupi komanso malo

Zoyesayesa woyamba m'madera magawidwe zapakati pa m'ma XVIII. Komabe, iwo anali opanda maziko sayansi ndi kuyendetsedwa ndi mbali ina iliyonse. Awa ndi zizindikiro zambiri zinali chinthu odziwika: malire ndale, kapena landforms.

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX ayamba kukula mofulumira makamaka sayansi Hrs (climatology, sayansi nthaka, ndi ena.). Mogwirizana ndi iyi itakula chitukuko cha madera yoyenera apadera zachilengedwe magawidwe. Patapita kanthawi m'dera yoyenda yokha kupeza ndi regionalization zachuma.

Akukhulupirira kuti maziko ongolankhula wa regionalization zathupi Hrs chibadidwe ntchito za kwambiri Russian wasayansi Vasily Dokuchaev kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. Kenako lingaliro anatengedwa ndi chitukuko cha LS Berg ndi GI Tanfiliev. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma omaliza pa regionalization zathupi Hrs anayamba kulankhula kwambiri ndi geographers yachilendo (mwachitsanzo, American, British ndi German asayansi).

M'magazini ino ya sayansi Union anayamba kwambiri kulabadira kumbuyo mu 20s lapansi. Ndipo kale mu 1940 iwo unalengedwa mabaibulo loyamba magawidwe zathupi Hrs wa USSR.

Monga tikuonera, pa nkhani iyi ndi ntchito ya anthu ambiri a Russia ndi mayiko ena. ndi maziko a regionalization zathupi Hrs chiyani? Tiyeni tiyese funso limeneli.

ndi maziko a regionalization zathupi Hrs chiyani?

GRF - si ndondomeko ya kugawa dera (kapena madzi) m'madera, komanso kuphunzira awo mwatsatanetsatane, womwenso yokonza makhalidwe mwatsatanetsatane chigawo wanzeru ndi zovuta. Koma kodi maziko a regionalization zathupi Hrs? Yankho la funso limeneli ndi zoonekeratu ndithu ndi yosavuta.

Maziko thupi la regionalization ndi inhomogeneity wa munthu zigawo zikuluzikulu chipolopolo linalake. Kuti palinso ayenera m'gulu:

• Geological dongosolo;
• thandizo;
• mbali nyengo;
• nthaka chivundikiro;
• zomera;
• ndi zomera.

Tikumbukenso kuti geographers zambiri zamakono kuzindikira kuti kuli chenicheni cha zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Komabe, malire pakati pa iwo si nthawi zonse womveka. Pakati pafupi m'madera thupi ndi malo nthawi zambiri kulibe kusintha mabacteria zina mwa zomwe makhalidwe ananena za m'madera onse moyandikana (mwachitsanzo, nkhalango zina kusintha zone pakati pa nkhalango steppe chakale).

Zolinga zazikulu ndi mfundo za GRF

Mtundu wa magawidwe akachita zosiyanasiyana ndi zolinga, monga kafukufuku koyera ndi zofufuza. Koma cholinga chachikulu cha magawidwe zathupi Hrs akudziŵa ndi umboni ofotokoza okhudza malo zosiyanasiyana za envelopu Hrs a Dziko Lapansi.

Zipatso GRF mwakhama ntchito ndi mafakitale ambiri ndi malo a zochita za anthu: ulimi, nkhalango, mapulani a m'tawuni, mankhwala madera, chitetezo chilengedwe, ndipo ena.

The ndondomeko ya Kupeleka malo Hrs m'gawo anapatsidwa kumachitika chifukwa cha mfundo inayake ndipo pa maziko a regularities ena. Kodi izi (moyo) mfundo za regionalization zathupi Hrs:

• Kudziwa;
• Kupititsa wokhulupirika;
• magawidwe ndi azonal;
• pachilichonse zovuta zigawo;
• ndi comparability za zotsatira za magawidwe.

Mwina chofunika kwambiri awa ndi mfundo za Kudziwa. Tikuyankhula zokhudza cholinga kuli maofesi zachilengedwe monga. Amagwirizana naye iye ndi kugwirizana lonse geographers ndi landshaftovedy (kupatula DL Armand). N'kofunika mu magawidwe ndi mfundo za Kupititsa okhulupirika. Iwo kwagona kuti mayunitsi a magawidwe izi mwina sanaphatikize osiyana ndi mwachirengedwe unagawanika mtunda.

mitundu ya GRF

magawidwe Geographical angakhale osiyana. Ngati cholinga kuunikila madera imodzi yokha zizindikiro (zigawo malo), izo tidzakambirana zachinsinsi (kapena makampani). Mwachitsanzo, mwina dothi kapena nyengo magawidwe za dera.

Ngati muli ndi cholinga kuti GRF yosanthula mwamtheradi mtunda onse (nyengo, zimachititsa chilumbachi, nthaka, etc.) zigawo, ndiye adzatchedwa mabuku (kapena malo).

Komanso, magawidwe zachilengedwe kungakhale:

• zonal;
• azonal.

Kuchokera pa gulu ili, kudziwa taxonomic mayunitsi osiyana GRF.

Njira regionalization thupi

Ndi lalikulu, pali njira ziwiri zoyambirira GRF: ndi regionalization za "pamwamba" magawidwe ndi "m'munsi". Onse njira izi ankagwiritsa ntchito malo ndi azigwirizana mwangwiro.

"Pansi" magawidwe zachilengedwe kumachitika motere. Mwa kuphatikiza ochepa maofesi zachilengedwe zigwire zazikulu ndi zovuta zambiri Kupititsa maofesi. Limagwiritsa ntchito zikuluzikulu mapu malo. Pamene magawidwe "kuchokera pamwamba" chilichonse chimachitika mosemphanitsa. Poyamba allocated zigawo zikuluzikulu zachilengedwe, kenako, kuganizira kuchuluka kwa mapu nkhani, iwo "wosweka" mu maofesi ang'onoang'ono achilengedwe.

The regionalization thupi ndi malo umagwiritsidwa ndi chiwerengero cha njira chakale sayansi ndi luso. Pakati pawo:

• mapu;
• Azamlengalenga;
• geochemistry;
• paleogeographical;
• masamu;
• kompyuta njira.

Taxonomic mayunitsi GRF

Zonal zachilengedwe magawidwe limatchula izi mayunitsi taxonomic:

• zone lawolawo;
• dera;
• subzones.

Mu magawidwe azonal anaganiza kuonetsetsa:

• madera thupi dziko;
• dera;
• m'chigawo;
• malo;
• timapepala;
• podurochischa;
• facies.

The mayunitsi a mlingo wokweretsa a m'zigawozo zosiyanasiyana ndi: Hrs chivundikirocho ndi m'maiko. Koma mayunitsi ofunika kwambiri a GRF ankaona facies ndi kapepala.

Facies ya mmphepete unit wa GRF

Malire (ie, pulayimale ndi indivisible) wagawo mu utsogoleri wolowezana wa kachitidwe chirengedwe ankaona facies. Ndi chiyani icho?

Aliyense wa inu aona m'munda wake moyo analima, kapena munda birch pakati zobiriwira meadows wobiriwira. zinthu izi monga zitsanzo yaikulu ya facies.

Mawu akuti "facies" ali mizu Latin ndi wochokera facies mawu - "nkhope", "fano", "nkhope". Izo ntchito ndi botanists, Akatswiriwa ndi biogeography. Bwino kwambiri tanthauzo la izi akuti anapatsidwa Soviet wasayansi D. Nalivkin. Malinga ndi iye, facies - chidutswa cha padziko lapansi, amene amakhala ndi yemweyo masoka zinthu, nyama ndi zomera. M'mawu ena, ndi pulayimale ndi yunifolomu zachilengedwe maofesi.

Facies nthawi ili mkati biocenosis wina ndi amakhala ndi limodzi zinthu kholo, nyengo yomweyo, boma madzi ndi chikuto nthaka. Amazionera geosystem wolowezana, ndi waukulu structural mbali stows podurochisch.

Pali mitundu itatu waukulu facies:

1. Ngelezi.
2. M'madzi.
3. Chosakhalitsa (m'mphepete mwa nyanja mathamandawa, deltas, etc.).

Pomaliza

Tsopano inu mukudziwa kuti maziko a magawidwe zathupi Hrs ndi heterogeneity wa munthu zigawo zikuluzikulu za chivundikiro Hrs: nyengo, zimachititsa chilumbachi, zomera, zinyama ndi nthaka. Zimenezi mfundo zisanu zikuluzikulu: Kudziwa, homogeneity, madera kukhulupirika, magawidwe (ndi azonal) ndi magawidwe comparability zotsatira.

GRF angakhale osiyana: ndi zonal ndi azonal, mabuku ndi mafakitale. magawidwe Geographical ukugawa padziko lapansi pa malamba, mabacteria ndi subzones, dziko zachilengedwe, dera, m'chigawo, ndi facies timapepala.