Kodi mfundo "ndale"? Concept, umunthu, zinthu, mitundu, mitundu ya boma ndale

Akamanena za dongosolo la ndale, amene anaika mu dziko mu nthawi opatsidwa mbiri pamene boma lili zolinga zenizeni, njira kutanthauza kugwiritsa mphamvu zake - kuti ndi tanthauzo la "ndale".

Kapangidwe wapadera kapena njira ya zimavuta?

Kudziwa boma la ndale kapena dongosolo la ndale si zofunika kwambiri monga akudzizindikiritsa njira ya zimene zimachitika pakati pa boma ndi anthu, kufanana kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense, dongosolo la mapangidwe andale, njira ndi kasamalidwe kalembedwe. Kodi imalongosola boma ndyale: lingaliro, zinthu, mitundu ya izo - makhalidwe amenewa ali yosiyanasiyana ndipo akhoza kusinthidwa.

Ngakhale mtundu womwewo wa nyumba boma kungakhale kwenikweni osiyana zipani. Komanso wa wofanana kapena ofanana modes mosavuta angabuke zosiyanasiyana kachitidwe pa kapangidwe ka malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, boma la ndale ena monarchies oyendetsera dziko (Belgium, Norway, ndi ena) ndi Republican mphamvu dongosolo, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito demokalase ya ulamuliro. Ndipo Mwachitsanzo, Iran, lomwe lili ndi dongosolo demokalase mu gulu ndondomeko ya boma, zoona - boma. Atalipenda zinthu mu dziko ndi linanena bungwe tanthauzo, kutanthauza kuti mfundo ndale.

Mbali yaikulu ya

La makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri ndi gulu mfundo za mabungwe a boma, komanso anathamangitsa zolinga za ndale ndi njira ndi njira kukwaniritsa iwo. Mawu monga akuti "kupambana zivute zitani" kapena "mapeto cholakwika njira" amakhala ndi opondereza boma ndale. Concept ndi mitundu ya modes ali m'magulu malinga ndi kusanthula izi.

Chikhalidwe cha ndale tichipeza mlingo wa chikhalidwe anthu andale ndi miyambo mbiri ya anthu. Aliyense wopondereza kapena kulamulira osankhika kulanda mphamvu ngati mmene saloledwa kuchita anthu kotero, boma ndipo atumwiwo. M'mayiko ena, opondereza ndi ovomerezedwa mosavuta, mwachibadwa, ndi wawo chikhalidwe ndale.

mitundu

Akatswiri zambiri kusiyanitsa mitundu itatu chachikulu cha mitundu osawerengeka a boma: Democratic, opondereza ndi authoritarian. Poganizira onsewo ndi kusanthula, n'zotheka kuti kutsimikiza mtima kuti tanthauzo la "ndale".

Boma lopondereza

Ulamuliro - dongosolo chikhalidwe m'malo zimenezi, anatuluka ngati chodabwitsa ndale komanso mu zaka mazana makumi awiri. Mawu akuti amachokera totalis ndi Latin - wathunthu, lonse, lonse, ndiye ntchito dongosolo boma, okwana, ndiko kuti, subordination wathunthu wa boma wa nzika zake.

Mu terminology zandale iye anayambitsa maganizo Ulamuliro mu 1925 mtsogoleri Italy wa chikhalidwe-dziko B. Mussolini. Komabe, mfundo ya Ulamuliro anayambitsa kumbuyo m'chigawo yabwino Plato, ndi ntchito za zosatheka T. Campanella, T. Mora ndi ena.

The chidwi kwambiri ndi wokongola Mbali ya Ulamuliro anakhala chofunika chilengedwe mwamtheradi ofanana. Gracchus Babeuf anaitana otyatiyu munthu ikufuna achuluka wamphamvu, olemera, wodziwa kuposa anthu ena. Mlatho makonzedwe a zomangamanga ndi chitukuko cha deralo, kusintha kwa anthu ndi malingaliro chikominisi.

gulu landale

Ganizo la subordination nzika zonse zaboma analalikira J.-J. Rousseau, French nzeru za anthu. Mosachotsera wolunjika kampani linachokera kwa zomveka ndithu "makolo" chilakolako kuti azitsogolera anthu ake chimwemwe, koma ichi m'pofunika kusandutsa chimangidwe mothandizidwa ndi azimai chifukwa, chilungamo chikhalidwe ndi ufulu. Munthu monga amasungunula mu thupi ndale za boma, mu gulu yake ya makhalidwe abwino lonse.

Boma - kuthandiza chifuniro ambiri wene, ndi indivisible yekha ndi mtheradi mphamvu. Kusamvera ndi kukana kwa magulu payekha kapena zace amachititsa ntchito mphamvu, kukakamiza kukhala mfulu mwa chifuniro ambiri. Mbali yaikulu ya Ulamuliro:

• pafupifupi nthawi zonse vuto ndi zoti maulamuliro, chifukwa modes izi zakonzedwa pambuyo zipolowe za, coups ndi usurpations ena a mphamvu;
• ambiri nzika sangathe kupanga mphamvu kulimbikitsa izo, ulamuliro kanthu ake;
• okwana bureaucratization ubale onse chikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo zaluso ndi sayansi, amene akulamulidwa ndi boma; ndi kudalira Mtheradi wa nzika za boma, mantha mkati;
• dongosolo la malamulo m'malo mwa malamulo, malamulo osati chilengedwe, mphamvu zosagwirizana malamulo; Nthawi zambiri yekha chipani mu boma, lomwe mwini mphamvu;
• umunthu Kulambira mtsogoleri;
• ideologization ndi ndyale ubale onse anthu;
• ubwenzi wa chitukuko dziko.

mafunde maganizo anagawa Ulamuliro mu "ufulu" ndi "kumanzere." Lingaliro la ndale za boma akusonyeza kuti "anasiya" - limodzi pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za Marxism-Leninism, ndi "ufulu" - Kumvetsela ku malingaliro a Socialism National, kuti ndi Fascism. Aliyense ulamuliro wankhanza ali mbali khalidwe: bungwe paramilitary a mtundu wonse, chakecho mwa kumvera ulamuliro apamwamba ndi okhwima ofukula za mphamvu.

boma authoritarian

Chiyambi cha mawu kuchokera Latin auctoritas - zotsatira za mphamvu. Mphamvu zonse wambiri munthu - ndi wolamulira kapena wolamulira, ndi tanthauzo la zosiyana. The ndale wofanana ndi centralization apamwamba mphamvu, pafupifupi mbali zonse za moyo ogosudarstvleny, njira kasamalidwe, lamulo ndi kudziletsa, kumvera dongosolo lopanda mangawa, anthu sachita kwa iye, kutsutsa kwenikweni kulibe, ufulu wa atolankhani ndi zochepa.

Real kulekana kwa mphamvu pa milandu, yemwe ndi malamulo si ngakhale mwangwiro nyumba ofunda ngati awa angathe kukhala. The Constitution pansi ankhanza authoritarian kungapitirire, koma declarative. poyela alipo, koma kwambiri-null ntchito zimayenda chisanadze anatsimikiza ndi khalidwe la ndale alipo sikumangotikhudza.

Transitional boma

Umenewu ndi mtundu zofala za andale. Zofunika kuika ndi authoritarian ulamuliro mu malo wapakatikati pamene anthu opondereza akuyamba wofuna demokalase, kapena mosinthanitsa, kutanthauza kuti mfundo "ndale kusintha."

The boma authoritarian ndi osiyanasiyana, izo kusiyana ndi zolinga ndi njira kuthetsa vuto, komanso mitundu ya gulu la mphamvu - mwapang'onopang'ono, ndiwofatsa kapena reactionary. Lingaliro la boma boma ndale imakhala yeniyeni chakuti akamanena za mphamvu kawirikawiri kukhazikitsidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, ndi wosatha dongosolo boma kulibe.

demokalase

Liwu linachokera ku Demos ndi Latin ndi kratos - anthu ndi mphamvu za demokalase. Mu mawonekedwe kuti anthu chikhalidwe ankaona mwini wa boma, kuthandizidwa ake. Lingaliro ndi chofunikira cha ndale za demokalase, nayenso m'zigawozigawo. Boma limeneli, amene ankadziwa demokalase kulibe, ndi abwino kuti chikhalidwe.

Mu demokalase ayenera zili m'munsimu yokhala: ufulu, chilungamo, kukhala mofanana, kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu onse, nawo nzika za boma. Kawirikawiri amanena kuika yokha monga demokalase akutsutsana mofatsa kuti authoritarian, opondereza ndi opondereza ankhanza a mitundu ina.

Zizindikiro za demokalase

Mu mawonekedwe woyera wa demokalase sanabadwe anakhazikitsa boma lililonse, kawirikawiri anthu kusankha masewera ndi dzina iwiri: Mkhristu Democrat, Social Democrat, Osaumira Democrat, ngakhale democrat dziko. Choncho yopapatiza chikhalidwe zochokera kayendedwe chikhalidwe akuyesetsa kusonyeza kudzipereka ndi mfundo za demokalase. mode Political, zizindikiro zoyimira wachinsinsi ndi muyezo amafotokoza zichokera kwa kuwunika.

Mavuto boma anatsimikiza ndi boma demokalase:

• ulamuliro wa anthu mwalamulo;
• Akuluakulu kiyi nthawi Wosankhidwa;
• Othandiza ndi chilengedwe, ndi kuchita boma ndi mapangidwe matupi onse woimirira ndi mabungwe a boma iliyonse nzika;
• nzika iliyonse ali ndi ufulu wosankha osati Ngopambana anthu, komanso akhoza kusankhidwa iliyonse ya boma kusankidwa;
• zosankha atengedwa ndi ambiri ndi ochepa pansi ambiri;
• matupi nthumwi amayang'anira ntchito ya nthambi wamkulu;
• matupi osankhidwa mlandu kwa m'nyanjazi awo.

mitundu ya demokalase

The njira yaikulu ya ndikukhazikitsa demokalase zimadalira mmene anthu tingasonyezere ufulu wawo zopangira, momwe iye ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma ndale. Concept ndi mitundu zidzasankhidwa motere:

a) mwachindunji demokalase, kumene adzaponye chisanko mwachindunji zochita kuwunika awo kukhazikitsa - kuti yodziwika oyambirira mitundu ya demokalase mtundu m'dera mafuko (wakale Athens, Roma, Novgorod, Florence ndi midzi ina ya Republic);

b) ndi chisankhocho demokalase, pamene anthu kusankha zochita pa nkhani zina zapadera - bungwe, wodzilamulira referendum;

c) ndi demokalase nthumwi, kumene mphamvu akuupereka mu oimira anthu kulamuliridwa ndi boma, ndi ambiri komanso zothandiza mawonekedwe a demokalase, si wopanda zovuta ndi (mavuto kusankha).

Udindo wa boma mu mode ulamuliro

Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a boma ndi kapangidwe m'zigawozo dziko sikutheka kuzindikira tanthauzo la mawu akuti "ndale ulamuliro". Apa m'pofunika kudziwa njira zimene zimachitika kwa mphamvu ya boma, kuona phindu la asilikali kalasi mu dera ndale, kudziwa udindo ankaimba ndi boma Ndipotu pa kayendetsedwe ka anthu a m'madera.

Lonse njira zimapangitsa ndale, mfundo, mawonekedwe a moyo chodabwitsa ake chikhalidwe ndi dongosolo lonse la boma la anthu wonse. Waung'ono njira kuvumbitsira mwini yekha wa boma ndi anthu moyo, monga iye akulongosola mitundu ina yambiri ya boma (mtundu wa boma, mwachitsanzo).

Koma N'chifukwa chiyani tinganene kuti aganyali maganizo "ndale ulamuliro" anthu amene amazindikira chodabwitsa mu mbali imodzi? Pali muyenera njira onse, ndi yotakata ndi yopapatiza, kapena sitimvetsetsa njira ndale zikuchitika m'madera awiri - ndi umoyo ndale boma. Komanso bwinobwino chikhalidwe cha dongosolo la ndale adzatsala - onse a mabungwe onse, maphwando, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wapoyera.

mitundu khalidwe la ulamuliro

Kuti ayankhe anthu a dongosolo la ndale, muyenera kuganizira zinthu zambiri. Zogwiritsira njira ndi luso la utsogoleri mu boma kuti "chopapatiza 'ndife zikuphatikizapo mfundo za ndale za boma. Izi tanthauzo la mlingo wa ukutitsimikizira ufulu ndi kumasulika, weniweni kapena ayi kugwilizana ndi lamulo lalikhulu ladziko (nduna) ndi chilamulo leni. Chikhalidwe cha mgwirizano pakati pa akuluakulu a boma ndi maziko malamulo a boma zikusonyeza "yotakata" view a boma boma ndale. Njira yokhayo kuona chithunzi chonse.

Chonchi mapangidwe kwenikweni anazindikira njira malamulo kapena extralegal wa ulamuliro. Momwemonso n'kofunika kukhala ntchito ufulu: ndende ndi mabungwe ena chilango, njira demokalase ankhanza amene amadza kwa anthu wamba, kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa kuthamanga maganizo, mkhutu kapena ufulu wa munthu, pali kutetezedwa kwa ufulu, ufulu zachuma, maganizo ndi ndondomeko za umwini ndi zina zotero.

The zikuchokera ndalezo

Mphamvu ya boma ntchito kwa onse popanda yekha, mbali zikuluzikulu za dongosolo la ndale: ndale, ndi magulu ntchito ndi mabungwe yapachiweniweni anthu, anthu onse amene sanali dongosolo Zingaoneke, Mpingo, siyumomentnye kayendedwe misa ndi zina zotero. zigawo zonse za dongosolo ndi zinakhudza mwa dongosolo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo ayenera kukhala okhwima ndi mayankho, boma, ndi tanthauzo, ayenera kumva mphamvu ya chilengedwe zandale ndiponso. Choncho, chikoka mwagwirizana kumathandiza kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndale.

Kupanga boma ulamuliro

Ndiye kodi "ndale ulamuliro"? Mwachidule, wina mawu akuti - ndi kalasi chikhalidwe cha mphamvu (Marx). Komanso, monga Marx, ankhanza andale onse angathe kugawidwa zokomera / capitalist protosotsialisticheskie ndi / protokapitalisticheskie. Iwo ndi yomveka ndiponso odalirika, monocratic (opondereza), autocratic ndi demokalase kungakhale Directory (ndi ulamuliro losonkhanitsidwa) ndipo pamodzi.

Nthawi zambiri, mitundu ndi mitundu ya zipani zidzasankhidwa pambuyo kusanthula ubale mphamvu, anthu ndipo munthu. Gawo Ichi chimapereka yabwino imeneyi, theoretically, ena mitundu ya m'maulamuliro onse andale. Mu moyo weniweni, osati umodzi ndale boma mu maonekedwe ake angwiro kulibe.

Komabe, magawano mu zitatu zazikulu (Ulamuliro, demokalase ndi authoritarianism) limafanana ndi chakuti, kwa amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana, mwatsala ponseponse ongolankhula, mitundu zambiri pano mu mbiri ya munthu ndi mu dziko masiku ano. Luso ankhanza andale zayambika penapake complicates ndi kusanthula ndi gulu, koma makhalidwe kuti azipereka lokha anamva. Mwachitsanzo, boma la ndale, lingaliro ndi mbali ya zomwe zizigwirizana ndi mfundo za demokalase, chifukwa cha zokhumba kupanduka zokhumba kungayambitse ina.