Kodi udindo wa madzi mu maselo a anthu Kodi

Kwenikweni kuyambira ali mwana aliyense amadziwa kuti madzi chimagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri kwa ife. Ukhondo, kuyeretsa, kumwa - mbali yofunika kwambiri ya moyo amagwirizana ndi madzi. Pang'onopang'ono, kuphunzira dziko, ndi mwana amaphunzira zimene ndi udindo wa madzi mu selo. Mwina mfundo imeneyi zimaonekeratu wamkulu bwanji kufunika kwake: wopanda madzi ndi moyo pang'ono yokha. Chifukwa katundu, timatha kugwira ntchito ya zinthu zovuta.

kapangidwe maselo

Udindo wa madzi mu moyo wa khungu ndi mwachindunji ndi peculiarities wa matabwa ake. Aliyense akudziwa chilinganizo cha madzimadzi waukulu mu thupi. Aliyense molekyulu madzi wapangidwa ndi atomu imodzi mpweya ndi maatomu wa hydrogen awiri. Likugwirizana mu amodzi osakwatiwa chifukwa kumalo ozizira nsinga covalent, potengera mapangidwe wamba awiri elekitironi maatomu awiri. Mbali khalidwe la tinthu madzi ndi asymmetry ake magetsi. mpweya atomu electronegative kwambiri, izo kwambiri amakopa ma elekitironi maatomu wa hydrogen. Chotsatira - wamba kuchepetsa awiriawiri ma elekitironi kwa mpweya atomu.

dipole

Kodi udindo wa madzi mu selo zimadalira makhalidwe chibadidwe thunthu. Chifukwa cha ya kusamutsidwa okwana awiri a ma elekitironi izo amapeza kugawanika. mamolekyulu madzi yodziwika ndi mitengo iwiri: aliyense atomu wa hydrogen pang'ono ali ndi mlandu zabwino ndi mpweya - tsankho negative. Pamodzi iwo apanga molekyulu ndale.

Motero, aliyense wagawo structural akuimira madzi dipole. Mbali Kapangidwe ka molekyulu ndi Mzimuyo khalidwe la ubwenzi pakati pa nyumba oyandikana. Pang'ono zoipa mpweya atomu a haidrojini ndi chidwi ndi maatomu a mamolekyulu ena. Anapanga therebetween otchedwa nsinga wa hydrogen. Himogulobini aliyense wa madzi amamuchititsa kukhala mwanjira imeneyi ndi anayi anansi ake. mokoma otchulidwa dongosolo lonse anatsimikiza ndi udindo zamoyo madzi mchipindamo.

Features

Haidrojeni nsinga kuti zikusonyeza kuti mamolekyulu madzi kudziwa zambiri za katundu wake. The kugwirizana pakati pa mpweya ndi wa hydrogen maatomu eni mphamvu yapadera, i.e. kuti kuswa iwo, ayenera mwakhama mphamvu chidwi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, madzi ali mkulu kuwira mfundo ndi kusungunuka ndipo vaporization. Mwa zinthu zofanana, madzi - yekha mankhwala pano pa dziko pa nthawi yomweyo mu mayiko atatu a loitanirana. Kodi udindo wa madzi mu khola, ndipo potengera kuti mbali yake.

Mogwirizana ndi zinthu hydrophilic

The chibadwa cha madzi particles kupanga kumangidwa wa hydrogen amalola waukulu thupi madzi kupasuka mankhwala ambiri. Zinthu zimenezi zimatchedwa hydrophilic, kuti ndi "wochezeka" madzi. Zikuphatikizapo mankhwala amaayoni: salt, zidulo ndi zapansi. The hydrophilic ndipo nonionic zinthu monga mankhwala ndi polarity. mamolekyulu awo ali magulu mlandu. Izi kwa amino zidulo, dzuwa, alcohols yosavuta zina mankhwala ena.
Udindo wa madzi ntchito foni ndi kulenga chilengedwe zofunika imathandizira zochita zonse. Yankho akuimira boma la nkhani imene onse mamolekyulu ake angachititse kwambiri momasuka, i.e. amakhala reactability kwambiri kuposa mu mawonekedwe ochiritsira.

Zikomo katundu awa madzi wakhala sing'anga chachikulu otaya ambiri zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Ndiponso, mwachitsanzo, hydrolysis ndi kuika lonse njira redox akutsatiridwa yekha ndi nawo mwachindunji chachikulu m'ndendemo madzi.

reagent

Ntchito yaikulu ya madzi maselo a moyo wosatsutsika. Iye nawo pa ndondomeko zonse zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, madzi ndi ofunika kwambiri ku dzuwa. Imodzi mwa magawo ake, photolysis madzi, ndi kudzipatula maatomu hydrogen ndi monga iwo pawiri chifukwa organic. Pamene izi anamasulidwa mu mlengalenga mpweya anamasulidwa.

Udindo wa madzi m'chipinda anthu ndi nyama kugwirizana ndi kale hydrolysis chiwonongeko zinthu ndi Kuwonjezera wa madzi. Imodzi mwa zochita zofunika kwambiri wa mtundu uwu mu khungu ndi kuwonongedwa kwa ATP mamolekyulu anachokera ku kumasulidwa kwa mphamvu, amene ntchito njira zina zofunika.

Mogwirizana ndi zinthu hydrophobic

Ena mapuloteni, mafuta, ndi zidulo mkati si sungunuka m'madzi konse, kapena ndondomeko ndi zovuta. Zinthu zimenezi zimatchedwa hydrophobic, kuti ndi "zoopsa" madzi. Udindo wa madzi mu chipinda ndipo thupi amagwirizana ndi anzake ake ndi mankhwala awa.

mamolekyulu madzi amatha kulekanitsa zinthu hydrophobic ku madzimadzi yokha. Ici ulikubala otchedwa mawonekedwe. Iwo anagwira zochita zambiri mankhwala. Choncho, chifukwa mogwirizana kwa phospholipids, amene selo nembanemba, ndi zamadzimadzi bilayer popangidwa ndi madzi.

mphamvu kutentha

Udindo zamoyo madzi muchipindachi lagona okhudzidwa ake mu thermoregulation. Kutentha yeniyeni ya madzi ndi mkulu mokwanira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa mayamwidwe ndi chidwi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu matenthedwe kutentha madzi zimasiyanasiyana kwangochepetsako pang'ono chabe. Mbali imeneyi zimathandiza kusunga kutentha kwake zonse mkati mwa selo, m'pofunika kuti njira yachibadwa njira zambiri ndi kukonza chilengedwe mkati.

Yunifolomu kufalitsidwa kwa kutentha

Mbali ina yapadera ya madzi - matenthedwe madutsidwe. Amathandizanso kukhalabe zonse chilengedwe mkati. Madzi amatha posamutsa ndi chidwi kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa thupi gawo, kumene kuli overabundant kwa maselo zimakhala imene ulibe.

Komanso, thermoregulation ankanyamula ndipo chifukwa cha evaporation wa madzi. Wozizilitsa kumachitika chifukwa chakuti kusintha kwa boma wina ndi mzake ayenera kusiya nsinga wa hydrogen ndi. Ndipo chifukwa cha ichi, monga tanenera kale, pamafunika ndalama lalikulu mphamvu.

hydrostatic mafupa

Udindo wa madzi mu moyo selo sikuthetsa pano. Waukulu thupi madzimadzi lili ndi chinthu chinanso: zimakhala sakubwerera. khalidwe Zimenezi zimathandiza madzi kuti akhale ngati mafupa hydrostatic mu khola. Madzi amalenga turgor kuthamanga, potero kudziwa katundu maselo amenewa ndipo zimakhala ngati chochuluka ndi sichisinthasinthanso. N'zosavuta kumvetsa zimene ndi udindo wa madzi muchipindachi, lingaliro limeneli, ngati inu mutayang'ana pa mitengo. The mawonekedwe bwino masamba analengedwa ndi kuthamanga mu maselo. Zitsanzo zoterozo mu dziko misa organic. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe bwino kuti modabwitsa kapena roundworms anakhalabe komanso chifukwa mafupa hydrostatic. Kuchepa kwa maselo madzi, motero, kumabweretsa njira osiyanitsidwa. Ayamba reshaping: kufota masamba, zipatso ndi kuotcha, khungu wotaya elasticity ake.

Kutenga yonyamula zinthu

Mamolekyulu madzi kudzera kumangidwa wa hydrogen angathe osati chokhudzana ndi mzake, komanso ndi zinthu zina. Chifukwa cha mogwirizana uyu amaoneka pamwamba mavuto umachitira mbali yofunika kwambiri zoyendera zinthu mu thupi. Choncho, chifukwa cha cohesion (guluu wolimba mamolekyulu mchikakamizo cha mphamvu yokoka, ndipo mu nkhani ya madzi - kudzera kumangidwa wa hydrogen) ndi kayendedwe ka zakudya zomera capillaries. Chifukwa chuma ichi monga madzi umalowa nthaka kudzera muzu tsitsi la mbewu.

Komanso, pamwamba mavuto mphamvu akulola capillary magazi nyama ndi anthu. Madzi kumatanthauza kayendedwe ka zinthu ndi excretion katundu zinyalala.

Iwo likukhalira kuti yankho la funso "zimene ndi udindo wa madzi mu khola?" Kodi wosavuta - ndi yaikulu. Chifukwa zimatha yaikulu ya kapangidwe maselo a madzi kungakhale njira zonse zoyambirira, popanda moyo n'zosatheka. Madzi timapitiriza reactivity wa zinthu, kuthandiza mawonekedwe maselo ndi ziwalo nawo makonzedwe awo zonse zofunika ndi mbali ya zochita zambiri mankhwala. Madzi - kasupe wa moyo ndipo ndithudi osati fanizo. Zonse zazikulu kagayidwe kachakudya njira kugwirizana ndi izo, magwero mogwirizana kwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Ndi chifukwa cha katundu izi wa madzi ndi mankhwala kuti akuyembekezera mu malo oyamba pa phunziro la mapulaneti ena pofuna kudziwa ngati ali oyenera moyo.