Ndi splints chiyani? Phindu la mawu achikale

Kaya lero Nthawi zambiri mawu monga splint ndi? Ayi, kawirikawiri ndithu. Zimenezi n'zomveka, chifukwa mawu imatengedwa lotha ndipo palibe amene amadziwa kufunika kwake. Chotero kodi splints? Ife kufotokoza pansipa.

Iwo anali wotchuka mu Germany, mu France. Mafakitale yotulutsa iwo inali zosiyanasiyana mayiko ndi mizinda. Kufika kwa peddler kapena ulendo chilungamo anali zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri kwa banja lonse. Ndipotu, aliyense angapeze zinthu zosangalatsa okha. Ana - nthano akazi - nsonga kwa amuna - splints ndi zithunzi ndi nkhani ya nkhondo. Ndi matabwa zimenezi anthu anayamba kuphunzira zambiri za dziko ndi dziko lawo. Ndipotu, asanayambe kwambiri okha mu izi.

Lubok: tanthauzo, tinganene

Choncho, splint (m'lingaliro ambiri mawu) - ndi mtundu wa zithunzi wowerengeka, chithunzi, kujambula ndi Kuwonjezera wa zolemba. Chinthu chapadera ndi chomasuka zithunzi pagalimoto. Izi mtundu Folk anachita woyamba pa luso chosema pa mkuwa kapena xylographie kenako ndi penti ndi dzanja. Iwo ankafotokozedwa iwo mu zilembo zazikulu za nthano ndi nthano.

Dzinali linachokera ku matabwa wapadera kudula. Iwo ankatchedwa phloem (Choncho mawu "sitimayo"). Pamaso pa matabwa anayamba kupanga zifanizo, iwo akali ntchito zolinga zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, iwo amachita zojambula mapulani olembedwa. zithunzi woyamba amatchedwa "fryazhskie mapepala", ndipo splints chabe.
Kutanthauza Lubkov mu thesauruses osokoneza. Mwachitsanzo, splint - izo ndi mbale wa wosanjikiza atsopano a makungwa. Ndiko, gawo lamkati la kotekisi ndi, makamaka achinyamata deciduous mitengo. Kuyambira nthawi zambiri kupanga mabokosi yaing'ono matabwa, mabokosi.

Wina kopita otchuka zipsera (kutanthauza mawu mu dikishonare kuti atsimikizire zimenezi) - thandizo nayenso. dzina limenelo linali tayala kwa fupa othamanga ofananira. Choncho iwo adzaitana madengu, mabokosi zopangidwa nkhaniyi.

Nthawi zambiri splint njira ndi laimu gulu limene kenako anachita etching koyenera makina fano. Koma kuli mawu uli ndi tanthauzo monga "mabuku" (wotchipa otchuka mabuku). Ntchito zoterozo amadziŵika ndi kuphweka kwambiri, tikhoza kunena - wosazindikira. Mwaichi, iwo sanali okha zili komanso kamangidwe.

Phindu la mawu achikale splint si nthawi zonse ntchito madengu kulingalira kapena kupanga. lubok youma komanso TACHIMATA ndi kumtunda kwa denga m'midzi. Koma kukhala abwino kunali kofunika kudutsa maphunziro ena kwa splints amenewa. Poyamba onse chilimwe yaitali zouma mu nkhalango, ndiye mwayeretsa kuchokera kunja kutumphuka wandiweyani, steamed kenako kuyanikidwa pansi goli. Ndiyeno iwo anatenga kuchokera nkhalango. Ayenera kukhala mu malo enieni.

Mau ofanana mawu splint

Choncho, kuphunzira mawu splint, 4 kalasi sukulu kumafuna familiarization ndi n'chimodzimodzi. Mmodzi wa ndicho bast. Makungwa - izo ndi gawo la makungwa lamkati la mtengo wamng'ono. Komabe m'malo ofooka Podkoren. Monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zinthu zambiri.

Zotsatirazi wamba (koma zochepa odziwika) n'chimodzimodzi - agitlubok. Agitlubok - ndi splint chomwecho, koma ndi propaganda njingayo. Mafano ake ndi intelligibly zambiri Oo malata, ndipo iwo amachitcha chirichonse.

Wina ponena pang'ono odziwika - balagurnik. Balagurnik - sikungokhudza chithunzi, ndi splint ndi chithunzi zoseketsa, ndi ena Zotengera kapena caricature.

Mu mawu zambiri sayansi splint chabe otchedwa phloem. Ngati ife monga mtengo si makungwa, koma monga ndi fano, izo mChipangano mwachizolowezi - chithunzi.

History splint ngati zithunzi

Splints unachokera mu China. Mpaka m'ma chitatu, iwo amamizidwa zagwiridwa ndi dzanja, ndipo kokha chifukwa nayamba kunyamula iwo pa luso chosema. Kenako splint anaonekera mu Europe. Kenako anayamba kuchitidwa poyamba mu njira thabwa. Woodcuts - izo mochita nkhuni. Kenako anayamba zidzawonjezedwa kwa chosema pa mkuwa ndi lithographs. Lithography - ndi zala fano ndi chinachake lathyathyathya pa pepala. Pomwepo splints ntchito osati monga fano wamba komanso mabodza kapena zinthu malonda. Izi anali mothandizidwa ndi kuphweka awo ndi kumva.

Panalinso splints ndi zolawula. Iwo anali wotchuka makamaka ku Ulaya, koma anagwa mu Russia. Makamaka France ndi Germany.

ubiquity

Taganizirani zimene splints kumvetsetsa Kum'mawa. maanga ake anali owala kwambiri. Ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX linayamba lili mawonekedwe a okhala.

Mu zaka XVI-XVII mu Russia panali ena "fryazhskie mapepala" kapena "mapepala German zoseketsa." Apa, fano lopangidwa pamatabwa wapadera, wotchedwa phloem. Iwo anayamba kuoneka matabwa osati ndi images, komanso utoto izi ducts njira ndi mabokosi. Komanso anakumana ndi splints pepala.

Splints mu Russia inali yotsika ambiri, monga mtengo ndi yotchipa, anayang'ana okongola. mapepala amenewa anali anachita, ndiponso udindo chikhalidwe ndi zosangalatsa. Zili kwa iwo anapita onse panopa ndi kudziwika kwa ife posters, mabuku azithunzithunzi, kalendala.

ziwembu

Poyamba, mitu ya zipsera otchuka anali dzanja olembedwa nkhani, ena nkhani m'kamwa, nthano ndi epics. Kamodzi nkhani anathyola ntchito ena ndi anthologies. Iwo anaitenga nkhani za olemba monga Goethe ndi Radcliffe.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIX chakhala zithunzi wotchuka kwambiri pa mutu wa Malemba Opatulika, kapena zithunzi za kanjedza wotchuka ndi mayiko. chithunzi anayamba aganyali waphindu kwambiri. Ngakhale sanali mabodza, komabe anaberekera ena zothandiza. Nthawi zambiri izi zinali mafanizo osavuta kuti nthano kapena fano m'tawuni.

Mafomu zipsera otchuka

Kutanthauza splint ndi m'zigawozigawo ndi osiyanasiyana, ndipo maganizo ake akhoza kutchulidwa kwa nthawi yaitali:

• Wauzimu (yachipembedzo) - fano, ofanana zithunzi. N'kuthekanso kuti akuonetsedwa fanizo kapena maulaliki.
• Lowoneka - mafanizo mwachizolowezi zongopeka zosiyanasiyana. Zifanizo za ngwazi, zazimuna.
• Maholide - oddly mokwanira, koma mtundu wa splints amasonyeza oyera osati madyerero osiyanasiyana.
• Nthanthi - ngati wauzimu, koma osati chipembedzo.
• M'mbiri - nzika otengedwa Mbiri. Iwo akufotokozedwa ngati nkhondo, basi zochitika m'mbiri ya mzinda. Nthawi zina ngakhale topographic mapu.
• Milandu - Court la fano.
• Apakavalo - pa splints ngati ankafotokozedwa okwera pamahatchi.
• Balagurnik - zojambula satirnye fano.

Kupanga ndi kupanga Lubkov

Yopanga zipsera otchuka ankachita engravers. Iwo akutchedwanso "fryazhskie kusema amisiri." Mawu akuti "znamenovanie" zinkakhalira anthu awa. Choncho anaitana ndondomeko zithunzi zojambula ndi kupenta. Choncho, ntchito kawirikawiri nawo. Ndiko kuti, choyamba Znamenshchikov chinaperekedwa kujambula yokha, ndiyeno engraver ali odulidwa wake pa chuma chofunika. Anawonekera mawu monga "kutengerapo". Kotero ine anayitana Lubkov.

Kupanga ndondomeko anali motere: pa bolodi woyamba ndi pensulo zojambula ntchito yekha, ndiye mpeni chinakula malo amene anali kuyenera kukhala woyera. Afewetsedwa gulu kenako wotsendereka kudzikanikizira pepala. Chifukwa, unakhalabe zazikulu wakuda za chifanocho.

Kenako splints anali utoto. Nthawi zambiri ichi chidachitika ndi akazi ndi ana. Price splint ankadalira, kumene, pa pepala lomwe linapangidwa. ndi splints pa pepala yotsika mtengo ndi imvi chiyani? Iwo ankatchedwa "prostovikami".

M'kupita kwa nthawi, kupanga luso bwino ndi changwiro. Iwo anayamba kuoneka osati engravers ndi amisiri ndi engravers. Iwo anayamba kugwira ntchito pa zitsulo zamkuwa ndi zosiyanasiyana kudula zipangizo. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuwonjezera fano kwambiri mbali yaing'ono ndi mfundo.

Yopanga ku Russia

fakitale woyamba anabadwa mu Moscow ku Russia. Anayesetsa kwambiri za makina, ndipo splints anapangidwa ambiri. Price anali osiyana (kwa theka khobiri latheka, kuti masenti makumi awiri ndi asanu).

Chifukwa kupanga mafano wotchipa otchuka anaonekera, ndi kudzinenera latsopano. Mwachitsanzo, "tsvetalschiki". Anthu amenewa utoto ochuluka zedi zipsera otchuka mu nthawi yochepa, kupereka kwambiri ndithu ndalama. Zopangapanga si yaitali kubwera ndipo ntchito anakhala kalekale anayamba kuoneka makina lithography.

Popularity Lubkov

Woyamba Chifukwa chachikulu chikondi chilengedwe chonse kuti zipsera otchuka ankanyamula buku ntchito ndi mabuku amene anali kuwerengedwa wamba munthu ndipo anali odula kwambiri. Iwo samangokhala anaphunzitsa, koma ankagwira ntchito ngati zopeka, monga amachita retold epics, nkhani, nthano m'kamwa.

Komanso, splints anatumikira ndi magwero zambiri monga nyuzipepala kapena Flyers. Pa matabwa zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri nkotheka kupeza malangizo othandiza pa mankhwala, kapena zithunzi kusangalala pa iwo nthabwala.

Ambiri zipsera otchuka zinalengedwa skilfully kwambiri ndi wokongola kwambiri. Choncho, nthawi zambiri ntchito monga kukongoletsa nyumba zawo.

kufufuza

Kumene, sitiyenera kuiwala mfundo yakuti kufufuza mu dziko lathu wakhala kugwirizana ndi ntchito limodzi ndi mabuku. Musanayambe kupanga splint, fano payokha inali ayesedwe pa m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu a. Ngati chithunzi sanali kupatsira, zonse onetsetsani kuti akusonyeza chifukwa kuti Mlengi angathe kukonza ndi kuyesera mwayi wanu kachiwiri. Pokhapokha kuvomerezedwa zonse (zojambula osati, komanso anamaliza splint) wopanga kulandira chikalata zofunika akulamulira kufalitsa kumasulidwa. Ndipo ngakhale ndiye, iye sanali upambana ndi chinaneneratu kuchuluka. Kumasulidwa kwa fano bast nthawi zonse limodzi ndi zikalata, amene kusungidwa wofalitsa lapansi. Nthaŵi iliyonse amasulidwe latsopano makope ndi kukonzedwa ndi zikalata latsopano.

Nthawi zambiri censors kudzudzulidwa masipelo. Koma nthawi zina ngati fanizo si zizigwirizana mtima Russian ndi miyambo. Chosemphana ndi malamulo a chiphunzitso.

Mu m'badwo wamakono

Tikhoza kunena kuti otchuka kusindikiza kalembedwe ndi sanaiwale ndipo apobe. Anthu ambiri akudziwa kuti splints amenewa. Iwo ntchito fanizo, kamangidwe. zithunzi zambiri ndi kalendala zimagwiridwa kalembedwe izi tsopano. Amalima zosiyanasiyana zokambirana pa nkhaniyi. Akuphunzira momwe splint njira n'zotheka ndi m'masukulu luso ndi masitolo waluso.

Miyambo ya masiku amakedzana losaiwalika, kuphatikizapo tanthauzo lexical cha mawu splint. Ngakhale iwo patsogolo ndi kupindika ano.