Ziwalo Excretory mu mollusks. Kapangidwe ka nkhono za

Pali mitundu yambiri ya nyama. Izi ndi flatworms, ndi coelenterates, ndi annelids, ndi arthropods ndi echinoderms ndi chordates. The sayansi kuti amachita ndi kafukufuku wa iwo wotchedwa zamoyo. Nkhono - ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya nyama. Iwo ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi. Palinso nthambi wapadera wa zamoyo zimene amaphunzira gulu nyama. malacology anamutcha. A sayansi kuti amachita ndi kuphunzira zipolopolo mollusc, - conchology.

Makhalidwe onse a nkhono

Oimira mtundu amatchedwanso sikutanthauza. Ali osiyanasiyana ndithu. Chiwerengero cha mitundu - 200 zikwi.

Gulu la nyama multicellular anawagawa m'magulu asanu ndi atatu:

• Bivalve.
• Oti muli nazo zida.
• Solenogastres.
• Caudofoveata.
• Monoplacophora.
• Gastropods.
• Tusk chipolopolo.
• Cephalopods.

Thupi la nyama zoti pa wina ndi zomwezo. Kenako tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane khalidwe nkhono.

ziwalo ndi machitidwe limba

Nkhono, komanso nyama zambiri multicellular, zimamangidwa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana nsalu, zomwe zili mbali ya akuluakulu. Otsiriza, nayenso, kupanga kachitidwe limba.

Kapangidwe ka nkhono zikuphatikizapo machitidwe zotsatirazi:

• magazi;
• mantha dongosolo ndi tanthauzo ziwalo;
• m'mimba;
• excretory;
• kupuma;
• kugonana
• thupi zophimba.

Tiyeni titenge izo mu dongosolo.

mitsempha ya magazi

Mu mollusks iye Tsegulani mtundu. Pamafunikanso matupi amenewa:

• mtima;
• ziwiya.

Mtima molluscs wapangidwa ndi zipinda ziwiri kapena zitatu. Ichi ndi chimodzi ventricle ndi atria imodzi kapena ziwiri.

magazi ambiri sikutanthauza ali yachilendo bluish mtundu. ochekenera Ichi chimapereka pigment ake kupuma hemocyanin, mu mipweya zimaphatikizapo mkuwa. mankhwala ali ntchito mofanana hemoglobin.

Magazi amazungulira mu molluscs motere: kwa ziwiya magazi izo udzathiridwa mu mipata pakati pa matupi - lacunae ndi sinuses. Pamenepo izo Akusonkhanitsa ziwiya zonse zofunikira kwa makutu kapena m'mapapo.

mantha dongosolo

Mu mollusks iye akubwera mu mitundu iwiri: makwerero ndi mtundu anamwazikana-mfundo.

Choyamba anamanga motere: kumeneko peripharyngeal mphete imene kuwonjezera anayi mbiya. Awiri a iwo innervate phazi ndi ena awiri - mkati.

Mantha dongosolo la mtundu anamwazikana-mfundo ndi zovuta. Amakhala ndi mitundu iwiri iwiri madera ubongo. Awiri m'mimba amachititsa innervation ziwalo mkati, ndi awiri ngo - phazi. Onse awiriawiri madera mitsempha alipo mfundo - ganglia. Iwo amakhala awiriawiri asanu: buccal oziziritsa, pleural, ngo, parietal ndi choipidwa. The innervate choyamba pharynx, wachiwiri - pa tentacles ndi maso, wachitatu - chovala, ndipo wachinayi - mwendo, wachisanu - dongosolo kupuma, lachisanu ndi chimodzi - ndi zina ziwalo.

zokhudzira

Pali nkhono matupi amenewa, kuzilola kuti mudziwe za chilengedwe:

• tentacles;
• maso;
• statocysts;
• Osphradium;
• maselo imalandira.

Maso ndi tentacles zili pa mutu wa nyama. Osphradium lili m'munsi mwa makutu a. Izi mankhwala tanthauzo ziwalo. Statocysts - ndi ziwalo bwino. Iwo ali wapansi. maselo kwenikweni ali ndi udindo mphamvu ndikukhudzana. Iwo ili m'mphepete mwa nsalu, mutu ndi mwendo.

dongosolo alimentary

Kapangidwe ka Nsomba amapereka kwa ziwalo izi pa mundawo:

• pakhosi;
• kum'mero;
• m'mimba;
• midgut;
• hindgut.

Komanso, chiwindi alipo. Mu cephalopods , palinso kapamba.

Pakhosi zofewa wamphamvu pali thupi wapadera kwa akupera chakudya - radula. Iwo ali ndi mano ku chitin, amene kusinthidwa ngati umapezeka akale.

ziwalo Excretory mu molluscs

dongosolo tichipeza impso. Iwo amatchedwa metanephridia. ziwalo Excretory mu mollusks ofanana ndi a mphutsi. Koma iwo anakonza zovuta.

ziwalo Excretory mu mollusks amaoneka ngati ya kumulowetsa akakhala machubu. Metanephridia wina kumapeto akutsegula mu thumba coelomic, ndi zina - kunja.

Excretory ziwalo mollusks akhoza kupezeka zedi osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ena cephalopods ndi chimodzi chokha metanephridia ili kumanzere. Mu monoplacophora zimawonedwa monga mmene Kugawilidwa kwanthaka 10-12 limba.

Mu metanephridia nkhono kudziunjikira muli. Iwo amakhala ndi apezeka asidi uric. Kuchotsedwa thupi la nyama ali pa masabata awiri kapena atatu.

Komanso mbali ya dongosolo excretory mu molluscs akhoza kutchedwa atria, amene ali ndi udindo imathandiza magazi.

dongosolo kupuma

nkhono zosiyana ukufanizidwa ndi matupi osiyanasiyana. Choncho, ambiri zofewa wamphamvu makutu pano. Iwo akutchedwanso ctenidium. Iwo wophatikizidwa bwino matupi feathery. Iwo zili chovala patsekeke. Mu mollusks zapamtunda, m'malo makutu, pali kuwala. Ndi kusinthidwa chovala patsekeke. makoma ake atagonjetsa ndi mitsempha ya magazi.

Ndi kwambiri pa kuwombola mpweya amatenga nkhono khungu mpweya.

dongosolo ubereki

Iwo akhoza m'magulu osiyanasiyana, monga pali pakati ngale ndi hermaphrodites ndi mitundu dioecious. Ngati pamene umuna hermaphroditism lililonse zochita payekha monga mwamuna ndi mkazi.

Kotero ife anayang'ana pa machitidwe onse chiwalo cha nkhono.

thupi zophimba nkhono

Kapangidwe ka chinthu ichi zimasiyanasiyana mu oimira magulu osiyanasiyana.

Tiyeni tione njira zosiyanasiyana integument, limene mwina muli zitsanzo nkhono, nyama za kalasi ina.

Choncho, solenogastres ndi caudofoveata chimakwirira akupereka chovala okuta thupi lonse, ndi cuticle ongokhala glycoproteins. Enanso spicules - mtundu wa singano, zomwe zigwirizana laimu.

Mu bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods, ndi chipolopolo tusk monoplakfor kwina cuticle. Koma pali chipolopolo, chomwe ndi mbale limodzi kapena awiri mu nkhani ya bivalve lapansi. Ena detachments wa gastropods kalasi gawo ili la mapepala a chosowacho.

Features chipolopolo kapangidwe

Iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu zigawo zitatu: lakunja, pakati komanso mkati.

The gawo lakunja la chipolopolo nthawi ndi nthawi anamanga mankhwala organic. Nthawi zambiri ndi conchiolin. Nokha kuti lamulo limeneli akhoza ankaona Crysomallon squamiferum mollusk ku gulu la gastropods. Izo akunja wosanjikiza chipolopolo wapangidwa ndi sulfides ferrum.

The gawo pakati nsombayi chipolopolo tichipeza calcite columnar.

Internal - mbale wa calcite.

Apa takambirana mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo la molluscs.

Pomaliza

Kuti adzimvera tikambirane za ziwalo zina ndi machitidwe chiwalo cha zofewa wamphamvu tebulo. Komanso apereke zitsanzo za molluscs yoperekedwa kwa magulu osiyanasiyana.

Tsopano tiyeni tione oimira magulu osiyanasiyana a ngale ndi mbali ya kapangidwe awo.

Apa takambirana mbali structural oimira zikuluzikulu za mtundu wa nkhono.