Kodi USD? Ochiritsira wagawo - ziri ...

Kufufuma ndi devaluation - zinthu ziwiri zosiyana. The Mauwa akutanthauza kukula kwa mitengo zoweta, osati nthawi zonse zikuchitika mu zigawo zonse kasitomala mulingo ofanana. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba kukwera mu mtengo, ndi pa mitengo mbatata sizinasinthe kapena kuchepa.

The devaluation amatanthauza kuwonjezeka kwa mitengo yosinthira ndalama zakunja wachibale nduna wagawo boma ndalama. The ndondomeko n'zosiyana amatchedwa revaluation.

N'chifukwa chiyani pa siteji ena a mbiri ena wagawo wamba, zinaperekedwa mwa mtengo zifukwa zilizonse, anasankhidwa buku? Cu (Ndipo Kunena mwachidule, dola), kwa zaka zambiri dziko lathu iye anali indexer ndi devaluation ndi kufufuma. Chifukwa chiyani?

muyeso ambiri

Panali nthawi imene Soviet ndiyeno ruble Russian katundu pogula mphamvu pafupifupi imodzi ndi kukula kwa dola, ndipo mofulumira kwambiri. Masiku ano nzika ndi zaka makumi anai a zaka achikulire kukumbukira bwino zimene ali nazo. e., mfundo achinyamata ndi zochepa zodziwika bwino. Utatha leni la Soviet ndalama dongosolo muyezo potaya kugula ndi kugulitsa zinthu (ngakhale pafupifupi onse) anali dola American, kwa mitundu wapadera dzina "wobiriwira" kapena "kabichi".

Nzika za dziko lalikulu ntchito kwa mawerengedwe a ndalama zakunja zinali zachilendo kwambiri, ndipo nthawizina manyazi. Chinthu chimene chingakhoze kuchitidwa, kuchokera masamba a mbiriyakale osati zichotsedwa. Kodi chinachitika, izo zinachitika.

Torgsin ndi masitolo cheke

Ndalama masitolo analipo mu USSR ndi mu zinthu zikuwayendera bwino nthawi chisanadze perestroika. Torgsin ndi kwathunthu anatsegula pa makumi lakutali. Cholinga cha chilengedwe magulu malonda anali ziwiri. Choyamba, kupangira nzika Soviet mwadongosolo polekanitsa ndi golide ndi zamtengo wapatali kuwombola anthu kuti kunja analipo onse, ndi ku Soviet Union kunali kuchepekedwa. Chachiwiri, alendo anali pano kugula ima pamzere, omasuka, ndipo potero musayandikire malonda Soviet (chomwe sizinali zofunikira kudziwa, ndipo kenako pa poraskazhut kumeneko ...). Izo zinachitika kuti anthu lolunjika anayenda "Wosonyeza" kapena mwayi Torgsin (nthano zotero ndi nthabwala anauza Vladimir Vysotsky mu imodzi mwa nyimbo zake). Zamgululi pa maalumali anakantha kuwala ndipo zosiyanasiyana manambala mu mbale zing'onozing'ono ankaoneka angakwanitse ndithu, makamaka popeza palibe "nsikidzi dollar" ndiponso anthu ena achilendo pa chikalata cha mtengo si anasonyeza. Kuyesera kuti agule chinthu Ankatchera funso: "Ndi ndalama zanu Kodi" zilizonse wogula mwamantha anafunsa ngati kulipira mu rubles sangakhoze analandira pa ntchito wamwano ayankhe ndi wogulitsa zofunika: mtengo zafotokozeredwa mayunitsi muyezo. Losazindikirali anafotokoza zimene Y. e., kenako anasiya Soviet manyazi shopu, kumene nzika za USSR zinali bwino kupita ...

Mu nyanja ya mitengo akuyandama

Pambuyo oyamba a dongosolo ndalama ku Jamaica mu 1978 wasowa ngati Mbali yofunika ubale chuma cha padziko lonse, ngati potsatira okhwima kutsogolera ndalama ku nkhani golide. Mu Ocean zachuma pakati mitengo akuyandama Suopa maiko amenewo ndi khola kugula mphamvu ya ndalama national amaperekedwa zizindikiro bwinobwino zazikulu za citukuko (bwino ndalama, kukula kwa ngongole mkati ndi kunja, atachita zoweta kukula mankhwala, ndi zina zotero. D.) Anthu okhala m'mayiko amenewa ndipo ndiribe lingaliro za kuti ndi USD, ndi chokwanira cha ndalama zake. Ndalama kusinthitsa ndalama pali kungofuna nzika za malonda ena ndi speculators. Koma ndi bola ngati mlingo kufufuma ndi malire chovomerezeka ndi wololera. Pamene mitengo kuyamba kupita mothamanga, funso n'lakuti zachilengedwe mmene kukhalabe ndalama, kapena kani, angathe kuchita chinachake m'tsogolo kugula. Anthu akulimbikira kufunafuna ena amamanga, ayenera kudalira m'tsogolo.

Dola kapena yuro?

Kumvetsa zimene USD, ndi kufunika kwa mawu mu nineties moyo N'zosatheka kusanthula mmene chuma chikuyendera wa chi. Kugwa kwa Union, limodzi ndi zochitika ambiri oipa, kuphatikizapo panopa komanso depreciation mofulumira ndi ruble Soviet. Employment kunali kofunika kwambiri kuposa zinthu zakuthupi malipiro nzothandiza dollar, kuchuluka kwa omwe tsopano zikuwoneka kupusa. Komabe, izi ndi zenizeni. The ntchito ankadziwa kuti kaya kusinthasintha kusinthitsa ndalama kuchuluka kwa katundu kuti kukhoza kukhala ndi zikutsatiridwa. Ngakhale anapezazo mu dziko kunachitika okha ndalama zawo, ndipo mtengo ambiri katundu ogula (makamaka ankaitanitsa) anati "ofanana." Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndalama imodzi European, pakufunika kulongosolerana, kodi muyezo woyezera - dola kapena yuro.

Ziletso, malangizo ndi njira yotulukira

Kusadalira ndalama dziko ndi chikhumbo chachikulu nzika kusunga ndalama mu ndalama zakunja amasonyeza zinthu akumane zachuma ofala mu dziko. Ndiponso , dziko amadwala chilema ili singakhale kwathunthu mwayekha. Kuonekera kwambiri imeneyi ndale kungakhale "momasuka kugwirizana gawo" la Puerto Rico, amene nzika mwaufulu anasiya ndalama zake (dola US amapita kumeneko) ndi zizindikiro zina akuluakulu a ufulu. Russia anali mwayi wokhala ndi "nthochi Republic", ngakhale amene anaonekera mu March 1993 boma lamulo, anafuna kuti zonse msika kuwombola ena ndi loletsa makope ndalama zakunja. Pomwepo padali njira yosavuta, koma mwalamulo wopanda kupewa chilango siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la lamulo limeneli. Monga ulamuliro, iwowo ali motere: wogula m'maganizo (kapena Chiwerengero) kumasulira mayunitsi umasinthasintha mu rubles, kuchuluka olembedwa mu mgwirizano malonda (zambiri saganizira), kenako wotumbululuka wobiriwira, womangidwa ndi mphira gulu ndalama wadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja m'manja . Legwork maofesi kuwombola samasankha Musiyeni aliyense.

Mphamvu komanso kufooka kwa dola. Wonenedwa notional unit wa posachedwapa

anthu ambiri, makamaka achikulire, akamawakakamiza ulamuliro wa ndalama US. "N'chifukwa chiyani aliyense kotero kuthamangitsa dollar, chomwe ndi chinthu champhamvu mu zimenezi?" - anadabwa. "Mapepala Izi anapereka mphamvu zachuma ndi mafakitale wa United States," - iye anafotokoza lalikulu, "Chenicheni chuma." Kodi masiku ano?

M'zaka zapitazi, yonena za dola wathetsedwa, ngakhale kuti panopa ndi njira lonse la malipiro. The chuma US akuvutika mavuto aakulu azachuma, kuphatikizapo - ndi zakuthambo nongole, yaikulu kuwononga bajeti ". Kufufuma zachuma", ndi mavuto ena a Malingaliro anawonjezera mdima ndipo pafupifupi amavutitsa ntchito makina Kukhuta, makina ndalama unsecured ndi okhutira weniweni.

N'zotheka kuti "ufulu akuyandama" mitengo kuwombola Chakumapeto kwa. kachiwiri tiyenera mtundu wa kumanga chuma padziko lonse. Posakhalitsa angafunike ndi miyeso yolinganizira latsopano. Izo zidzakhala golide kachiwiri, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, kapena boma anavomera kuti muyezo woyezera - ndi kuchuluka mphamvu ankadya (mwachitsanzo, 1 Giga-calorie kapena 100 kW / h)? Pakuti embodiments amenewa, chuma timakonda, ndi zonena chiyani chilengedwe muyeso wa mtengo wa m'tsogolo, converge pa chikhalidwe chake mphamvu.