Obwerawa chuma chitsanzo: American, Japanese, German ndipo Chinese

Mtundu uliwonse amanga mwini dziko dongosolo lawo zachuma. Akuluakulu akuyesera kuti chuma kupikisana ndiponso kukwaniritsa udindo anthu kuti nzika. Pali zitsanzo za msika, chuma wosanganiza, pali chinthu utsogoleri lamulo akamagwiritsa a boma alowererepo pa ndondomeko ya zachuma. ndi mbali ya aliyense wa iwo? Kodi mfundo za kutukula mayiko Western osiyana kwambiri?

Kodi chitsanzo zachuma

Chuma dziko ntchito pa zitsanzo osiyana. I kwa kudziwa katundu aliyense wa iwo, ndithu kwambiri. Mu masiku asayansi otchuka awiri - kulamulira mtundu wa umwini chuma chimene chimayambitsa chitukuko zachuma ndi njira kwa mugwirizano mabungwe a zachuma. Mukaganizira awiri awa, magulu angapo a zanyengo wa chuma. Apa iwo ali.

1. lamulo chuma lachitsanzo

Yodziwika ndi predominance a boma katundu wosiyanasiyana ndalama zachuma. ntchito za mabungwe a zachuma zochokera loyang'anira ndi lamulo malangizo ochokera akuluakulu. njira imodzi imene kudziwa zimene kubala, momwe mukufuna kugawira anthu ndi kudzera, ndipamene zimene njira kusinthitsa boma. Lamulo chuma cha USSR ankaona. Pa mayiko alipo, chitsanzo ichi ali, monga mwa akatswiri ena Korea North.

2. CHITSANZO AZACHUMA-

Yodziwika ndi chakuti chuma kwakukulukulu umaimiridwa ndi chuma payekha, ndi ufulu kukhazikitsa mitengo. boma sikumangotikhudza njira kiyi chuma ndipo alibe kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchito yogawa chuma chilichonse.

3. wosanganiza chuma lachitsanzo

Ofufuzawa amanena kuti msika kapena chitsanzo lamulo lolembedwa koyera lerolino, n'zochepa. Lang'anani, boma amathandizira zochitika za bizinesi pafupifupi m'dziko lililonse kuti kulimbikitsa khalidwe msika ufulu. pali malo, ngakhale oletsedwa, koma kuonetsa zizindikiro za payekha gawo nayenso, ngakhale mu Korea North.

Obwerawa chuma chitsanzo lero, malinga ndi zimene akatswiri - ambiri mu dziko. Koma funso ndi lalikulu bwanji ndi zimene yodziwika ntchito boma mu nkhani zachuma a m'dziko limodzi. Komanso, nthawi zina, chofunika kwambiri si kwambiri mlingo wa kusokonezedwa boma zokhudza ntchito ngati ndale.

ndi chuma wosanganiza Kodi

Pamaso akuyendayenda chitsanzo cha chuma losakanizika m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, timaphunzira makhalidwe ambiri a mtundu umenewu wa zamalonda. Muyezo waukulu apa - kuti mofanana udindo wa boma ndi payekha gawo n'zofunika. Enanso mwa kufanana china njira zonsezi katundu. Komabe, njira zofunika cha ndalama akadali otsimikiziridwa mwa msika. boma komanso likugwirizana iwo kudzera kusintha mu malamulo zolimbana.

Kodi kuthekera za phukusi la boma msika kuchita? Bwanji osauza malonda tiwolokere momasuka? Ena chuma amanena izi chakuti pansi msika koyera pali chiopsezo kuti mbali yaikulu ya nzika adzakhala chikhalidwe osatetezeka, iwo sangakhoze kupeza ntchito. Ndipo si kuti athandize mabizinesi payekha, ambiri a zimene zimafunika makasitomala zosungunulira. Zingakhale bwino ngati munthu amakhala ndi ndalama (zilekeni mabizinezi boma akumeneko), ndi msika chikukwera nthawi yomweyo. Pali lomwe amagwira ntchito mu njira yofanana ndi Russian chitsanzo cha chuma losakanizika. M'dziko lake, kupereka ntchito anthu ambiri m'boma, amene ali pang'ono kuchita ndi malonda ndi msika free, yotithandiza awo kugula mphamvu, potero zikugwira ntchito, nawonso, ndi "oyera" mabizinesi, monga ritelo, kudya chakudya , magalimoto ritelo.

Wina mawonedwe za udindo wa boma chuma losakanizika zochokera nkhani ufulu mitengo. Popeza kuti msika ndi zongoganizira kwambiri mu maonekedwe ake kopambana. Ambiri a osewera ake sanathe kugwirizana pa mfundo odziletsa mbali ya kuwonjezeka kugulitsa mitengo, ndipo ngati asonyeza njira zimenezi, nthawi zambiri cholinga cha kuipitsidwa ndi mpikisano, chifukwa mu kufufuma inapita (monga zinalili mu Russia kumayambiriro 90 -x, ndi m'mayiko ena ambiri bloc kale zokomera). Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chuma Inabuka mavuto. Boma kudzera alowererepo kusamala m'misika akhoza malangizo njira ya mitengo, zomwe zingathandize pang'onopang'ono kufufuma.

mfundo yaikulu ya chuma wosanganiza

Tiyeni tione zimene ali chitsanzo yaikulu ya chuma losakanizika, potengera chikhalidwe chawo ofunika. Akatswiri kudziwa zotsatirazi.

1. Neoetatistskaya lachitsanzo

Mbali Aika - ndi nationalization wa mafakitale chinsinsi, komanso amene amadza pa msika, kotero kuti luso la osewera aliyense anali pafupi zofanana. Nthawi zina, mfundo zachuma monga njira ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika.

2. The chitsanzo Wachiwiri-aufulu

Yodziwika ndi zochepa alowererepo boma m'misika kuposa nkhani neoetatistskom. Akuluakulu akuyesetsa kulimbikitsa khalidwe la kugwira ntchito mabungwe a zachuma, koma pakokha njira mpikisano. Komabe antimonopoly chigawo amathanso opareshoni - kuti ufulu mpikisano chitetezo.

3. Model yatsopano kanthu

Mu maziko ake - mfundo ya kupeza kukondera pa zisudzo zosiyanasiyana mu ndondomeko ya zachuma - malonda, boma ndi anthu (zambiri mu nkhope ya mgwirizano malonda). Yodziwika ndi misonkho m'malo okwezeka (zambiri kuposa m'mayiko amene amachita neoliberal lachitsanzo) kawirikawiri masamu malinga ndi sikelo pang'onopang'ono. Cholinga chachikulu cha akuluakulu - kupeza chuma kukhalabe Kuyanjana pakathi pa chuma chawo kwa nzika zonse.

Izi ndi chitsanzo ambiri chuma losakanizika. Kumene, monga njira yachibadwa ya malonda njira zofunika m'mayiko osiyanasiyana zingasiyane. chitsanzo National a zachuma losakanizika, malinga ndi akatswiri, amakonda kusintha kuti azolowere zenizeni umoyo ndale, malo kunja, zaumisiri, zikamera wa misika yatsopano.

Features wa kugwira ntchito kwa chuma wosanganiza

Kodi njira ya zachuma a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchita? Kodi ntchito ya zamalonda m'mayiko omwe iwo zosungidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito? Akatswiri, kutenga nkhani yakuti chitsanzo mitundu chuma losakanizika m'mayiko osiyanasiyana mwina makamaka amati akhoza azipereka zina ambiri dongosolo la zachuma cha mtundu uwu. The mosalekeza kwambiri chuma mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kuitana njira zotsatirazi.

1. zambiri za mankhwala mafakitale yotentha ndi mabungwe akuluakulu, omwe Komabe, kupikisana ndi mzake. Choncho, njira zachuma, pa dzanja limodzi, kodi sinafalikire, pa zina - palibe okhawo, palibe player a msika yomwe malamulo onse. Umwini amakampani ngati mfundo zilibe kanthu - ngakhale si boma, ndi malonda mulimonse udindo olamulira chifukwa wosamalira misonkho kapena zopereka nkhani pantchito.

2. malamulo The makamaka chikhalidwe zochokera. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito fakitale, monga ulamuliro, inu simungakhoze basi abalalitse kapena kuchepetsa malipiro ake poyerekezera ndi mayina mgwirizano. Choncho, malamulo limalimbikitsa ntchito yokonza mphamvu kugula wa nzika.

3. High standardization ndi chitetezo cha ndondomeko malipiro, komanso amene amapereka Mapangano chitetezo (zambiri chitukuko cha dongosolo zotuluka). Boma Pankhaniyi amatenga mbali ya mgwirizano wa kuonetsetsa ntchito khola la bizinesi, zofuna, makamaka pa magombe a kulondola okhwima atsatire njira kuthetsa. Nthambi zotuluka boma, nayenso amatitsimikizira thandizo kwa anthu amalonda kuthetsa mavuto m'munda malamulo. State ndi malonda Svoge kulemba pangano okhudzidwa: chipani choyamba chitetezo angapo njira yofunika kwambiri kwa amalonda, lachiwiri ndi 'kupereka "chifukwa mwa misonkho ntchito kwa nzika zonse.

Ndi makhalidwe amenewa atatu yodziwika, malinga ndi akatswiri, chitsanzo yaikulu ya chuma losakanizika, kusiyana zonse zotheka pakati pa iwo mu mawu a kukhazikitsa mwayekha dziko zimagwirira mfundo zachuma.

Kodi chuma wosanganiza?

Choona chidwi n'chakuti 'mwapang'onopang'ono ", malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, msika chitsanzo anakaonekera losanganikirana. Izo zinachitika kuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana makumi awiri "msika choyera" mu mawonekedwe a bizinesi popanda boma kuwasokoneza kwambiri sanali ogwira monga nzika ankayembekezera ubale zachuma. msika linayamba malamulo ndi akuluakulu. Pofuna izi kusiya chitsanzo ndi kubwerera ku "msika koyera" inayamba ngati akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira, chifukwa cha mavuto a mu US mu 30 oyambirira. Chuma kuzindikira kuti uziyenda mulingo woyenera kwambiri chuma akhale kutanthauza mbali yofunika ya boma. Choncho, chitsanzo wosanganiza ntchito yomanga dziko zachuma anaonekera mu 30-40s. Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo, patsogolo m'moyo States akusiyanako chifukwa kufunika kupereka thandizo gwero makamu, koma pa mapeto a mayiko Wachiwiri World Western anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za chuma losakanizika wakhala kalikiliki. Masiku ano chitsanzo zachuma m'mayikowa - zotsatira za kukhazikitsa pang'onopang'ono kwa mfundo zofunika kukondera pakati likulu pawekha kapena loimira gulu.

Obwerawa chuma mu US

Kodi ntchito m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, chitsanzo cha chuma losakanizika? Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule mbali zogwirizana chitsanzo cha mphamvu amphamvu kwambiri chuma. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi United States. Lachitsanzo American a zachuma losakanizika, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, amakhala ndi chikhalidwe alowererepo kochepa mu njira zachuma. Ziwalo mtundu wa chuma ndi udindo ochepa poyerekeza payekha. A otsogolera mu chuma US masewero likulu sanali boma, koma malangizo ake kumalamuliridwa ndi akuluakulu - kudzera buku la malamulo okhudzana malipoti, udindo chikhalidwe, kupereka misonkho milandu ina. Udindo wa boma la chuma US kungakhale noticeable mu gawo la Mapangano onse, makamaka chitetezo ndi sayansi. Monga amadziwika, asilikali bajeti US - madola oposa mabiliyoni 500.

chuma ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chitsanzo US a zachuma losakanizika umalimbana zolimbikitsa entrepreneurship boma. Zochita izi tingasonyezere osachepera chofuna poyambitsa bizinesi. Komanso, magulu anzawo, amapeza ndalama zochepa America si miyeso zoopsa monga mayiko ena ambiri Western. ulova ubwino ndi phindu angapereke koma amafuna osachepera pansi mitengo, amene alipo mu United States. Choncho, nzika ndi kuyesetsa kupeza ntchito kapena malonda awo.

Model wosakaniza chuma ku Germany

Lachitsanzo German amakhala ndi chuma losakanizika? Akatswiri kuzitcha izo khalidwe waukulu monga nthawi anasonyeza lathu chikhalidwe. Ndipo chimasiyanitsa Germany ku America. Ubwino chomwecho mu Germany kupereka muyezo yabwino ya moyo. Akuluakulu German akuyesera kuti amange lamulo chuma, kotero kuti anali kukondera pa zinthu zofunika malonda ndi anthu. Pa dzanja limodzi, makampani ayenera kukhala kothandiza, ukule ya GDP ndi chitukuko chonse zachuma. Pa zina - chilungamo chikhalidwe ayenera anaonetsetsa.

German chitsanzo wosanganiza chuma ali ndi makhalidwe awa.

Choyamba, ndi chilungamo chilengedwe mpikisano. Pankhani iliyonse mu ndondomeko ya zachuma, potengera malamulo a boma German, ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wofanana kuzindikira kuthekera kwawo entrepreneurial.

Chachiwiri, chitsanzo German wa chuma losakanizika zikutanthauza chilungamo yogawa ndalama. Izi zikhoza chimaonetsera kulimbikitsa malonda ndi kumanga ndandanda tariff kusamala mawonekedwe a kopeleka malipiro kwa nsanamira, ndi Mwachitsanzo, mu nawo mwachindunji wa boma mu akalowa wa zinthu zokhudza nzika omwe amalipidwa mosiyana. Makamaka, popereka ubwino nyumba, chithandizo, inshuwalansi ndi maphunziro.

chitsanzo Japanese

Lachitsanzo Japanese a zachuma losakanizika ndi omveka bwino. Choyamba, tisaiwale kuti pali amphamvu miyambo ya dziko, amene zingakhudze inachokera m'madera ambiri a ndondomeko ya zachuma. Izi ndi kulunjika wa kasamalidwe ubwenzi ndi wamng'ono, izo anapitiriza ndi Institute cha chibadwa ku mbali ya ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito za kusankha imene ntchito. Chinthu china chimene amadziwika chitsanzo Japanese a zachuma wosanganiza - zambiri kutchulidwa zoposa, nkuti, mu US, alowererepo boma njira zachuma. Ambiri kwambiri tisonyeza zimenezo mwa tanthauzo la zamoyo zina chifungulo cha chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko, mfundo za mogwirizana ndi osewera akunja. Yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi chilungamo chomwecho chikhalidwe mu chuma Japanese.

Lingaliro Swedish

Taganizirani zimene yodziwika chitsanzo Swedish a zachuma losakanizika. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti Sweden anamanga anthu amene ali pafupi ndi a zolinga lililonse zokomera. Njira ya thandizo la ndalama ndi chuma amayenda pafupifupi magawo onse a nzika, kaya pamaso kapena kusowa ntchito, mkulu, ntchito yake. Pali ngakhale mawu akuti "Scandinavia sosholisimu". Kumene, mu chimango chitsanzo ichi, chuma ali wamkulu katundu msonkho malonda.

M'malo mwake, Koma izo zifika makasitomala ndi kungakupatseni mkulu kugula mphamvu, komanso chitetezo - mu mawonekedwe a ndalama kubanki ndi mayesero chilungamo, zimene tanena pamwamba kulemba mbali ya "mgwirizano chikhalidwe" pakati pa Boma ndi malonda. Komabe, mwa chuma ndi za maganizo chitsanzo Swedish a zachuma wosanganiza ndi chachikulu "zokomera" kupatuka. Makampani ambiri amakhala ovuta ndi zikhalidwe za wolemetsa okhwima msonkho.

Lachitsanzo Chinese

Taganizirani Nanga msika nkhani zachuma chikominisi dziko. Kodi zimenezi zingatheke ngakhale kuti mu USSR zonse anali kulamulidwa ndi boma? Kodi chitsanzo Chinese a zachuma losakanizika?

Chinthu icho, kuyambira 70s, ndi Party Communist la China anaganiza kutsegula chuma cha dziko kwa ndalama zakunja pofuna ntchito ochulukaŵa zipatso angathe dziko. Iwo anali liberalized malamulo zokhudza kutsegula kwa nthambi za mabungwe akunja. Koma dongosolo la ndale, akukhalabe sichinasinthe. Alendo anakopeka cheapness a anthu ogwira ntchito ku China, ndipo iwo ali okonzeka kuti aganyali mu chuma cha boma chikominisi, waganiza kutsegula lokha msika. Chifukwa, China lero - mmodzi wa mphamvu ŵa mafakitale. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa chakuti dongosolo la ndale sanasinthe, ndi PRC akuluakulu angathe njira utsogoleri lamulo kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo izi mmene akufunira. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito pokonzanso kakhalidwe ka moyo wa nzika, chitetezo anzawo. Amene tsopano anazindikira ndi akatswiri ambiri, si kwambiri.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti China bwino anayamba kukhazikitsa kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono. Chinese ambiri kutsegula ngakhale ang'ono, koma ndalama-kupoletsa ogulitsira, odyera, makampani zoyendera. Iwo likukhalira kuti pa chikominisi ku China pali bizinesi kwambiri kuyambira.

Yerekezerani zitsanzo

Yesani "muzione" lachitsanzo pamwamba pa chuma losakanizika. Poyerekeza ndondomeko dziko Gome ungaoneke motere. Kuwerengetsa, ndithudi, wachibale kwambiri, koma mwachidule za maonekedwe a chuma m'mayiko tidzakhala.

Zizindikiro / Country	United States	Germany	Japan	Sweden	China
zotchinjiriza moyo	otsika	mkulu	mkulu	mkulu	otsika
boma alowererepo	wosauka	zolimbitsa	mkulu	mkulu	mkulu
misonkho	zolimbitsa	zolimbitsa	mkulu	mkulu	zolimbitsa
makampani katundu	Advan-nificant payekha	Advan-nificant payekha	Advan-nificant payekha	Advan-nificant payekha	kwambiri gawo wa boma

Kodi Tinganenepo chiyani? Ngakhale kuti m'mayiko onsewa - chitsanzo cha chuma losakanizika, tebulo zikusonyeza kuti kusiyana unkagwiritsidwa angapo mbali.