Russian Arctic kufufuza mbiri. Njira ya chitukuko ya Arctic

pamaso Russia mu dera Arctic kwa zaka zambiri. Ndi chitukuko cha mayendedwe ndi zinthu zina zomangamanga anali mwapang'onopang'ono kozizira. USSR anaikira khama lawo makamaka pa kukhazikitsa ntchito m'dera lanu chitukuko cha minda payekha. Tsopano akuluakulu a Russian ndi kuyesetsa yogwira ntchito kwambiri pa mphamvu ya nkhani ya chuma m'maderawa.

chifukwa zabwino. Mwa akatswiri omwe amati - ena kusintha zinthu nyengo (atazindikira m'madera kupezeka), njira lonse mu zachuma, zimene zikupangitsa kuti kusakanikirana mwa njira zina zamayendedwe, kuphatikizapo khwalala kumpoto kungakhale. Mavuto a kozizira osiyanasiyana ndithu - ndi zachilengedwe, ndi zandale ndi mbali umoyo ndi zachuma. Koma chiyembekezo cha ntchito umenewu, malinga ndi zimene akatswiri ndi lofunika kwambiri.

kuloŵerera

Mbiri ya kufufuza Arctic makamaka chidwi. Mfundo yoyamba za dera magwero a Russian akale 10. Makamaka mwachangu kupita chitukuko cha m'madera amene tsopano nthawi zambiri amanena kuti kumpoto Nyanja Route. M'zaka za m'ma 16. gombe-okhala anali kupeza kuti m'kamwa mwa ob, ndiyeno - kwa Yenisei, ndi Lena. Kumeneko, pakali pano, mfundo chitukuko cha munthu Arctic kwenikweni amabwerera akale, kuyambira Age Stone. Patapita zaka 16-17th oyendetsa Russian anatha kupeza mbali yaikulu ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic, kutsegula njira yopita ku Pacific Ocean.

Cha m'ma 18 zana pa gombe la Arctic ndi kafukufuku wa Great kumpoto ulendo, kutsogozedwa ndi Vitus Bering. Asayansi anatha kupanga sanjira wapatali ndiponso chuma hydrographic. Mu zaka za m'ma 19, ofufuza Russian anapitiriza mwakhama kufufuza Arctic. Ena Maulendo nawonso nawo komanso ofufuza yachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1873 pa zilumba, dzina lake Franz Josef Land, anatsegula oyendetsa wa Austria ndi Hungary. Mu zaka 1878-1879 wa kumpoto Nyanja Route kuchokera pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto a m'mbuyomu, ofufuza kwa olowa Swedish-Russian panyanja ulendo pa sitima "Vega" wa. ndi lodziwika bwino Chombo "Ermak" inamangidwa 1899, omwe analola kuti akhazikitse mgwirizano pakati pa zigawo zosiyana za kumpoto Russia. Arctic kufufuza sitepe ndi sitepe, nalowa zana la 20. Ngakhale nthawi zovuta pambuyo October kuukira boma, mu 1920s, ndi analengedwa nyumba angapo amene ntchito anali kufufuza zina dera. Mu zaka 1923-1933 m'madera pafupi ndi Ocean Arctic, ndi Russian kenako Soviet ofufuza anamanga okwerera nyengo 19. Mwakhama kufufuza Russian North ndi 30s lapansi.

Chiyambireni cha Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, kuphunzira kwa Arctic mongoyembekezera anasiya, koma zofunikira derali, unakhazikitsidwa m'zaka zapitazo, anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti apambane. Mu zaka za nkhondo itatha, kumpoto Nyanja Route zinayambanso anapita ofufuza Soviet. M'madera pafupi kozizira, iwo zinasakazidwa miyala ya mafuta, gasi, golide, diamondi. Akutukuka zomangamanga mzinda, kumanga midzi latsopano, panali lalikulu maofesi mafakitale. Mbiri ya Arctic kufufuza mu nthawi Union yodziwika ndi kukhazikitsa ngati zikuluzikulu ndi ntchito wachibadidwe zofunika, ndi kuti masiku ano Russia amagwiritsirabe ndi zomangamanga, ndi cholowa sayansi nthawi. Komabe, pamaso pa dziko athu akukumana ndi mavuto atsopano mu chitukuko cha deralo.

The padziko lonse lapansi

Chidwi mu Arctic akukumana osati Russia. chifukwa chachikulu kuti lino wachita chidwi wa pafupifupi maiko onse ozungulira - chachikulu zachilengedwe chuma. Osachepera mayiko inayi, kupatula Russia, amati chitukuko ya Arctic - US, Canada, Norway ndi Denmark. Aliyense dziko ali mwanjira nyanja kuchoka mu zazikulu-dera.

Resources mu Russian Arctic

m'madera ambiri gawo chokhala ya Arctic limabweretsa Russia. Pali wapadera miyala ya mafuta ndi gasi, ndi magawo woyamba pa chitukuko, dziko lathu kale kuyambira kuzitsatira. Tingaone zimenezi, makamaka chitsanzo cha mayendedwe yabwino ntchito yomanga nyumba m'madera amene pafupi alumali Arctic - kotero kuti akatswiri tsogolo ndi magulu zazikulu-ntchito anatha kuthetsa pafupi malo oyembekezera. Only limodzi la Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District tsopano anamanga masauzande mamita lalikulu la malo omwe anthu amakhalako. Kukweza ndi zomangamanga zoyendera.

zolinga Zichitike

Ndondomeko lotsatira mu chimango cha amene adzakhala chitukuko cha Russian Arctic chiyani? Akatswiri achangu ndi amalonda a dziko lathu kapadera ku mbali ya chitukuko ya Bovanenkovo mafuta ndi gasi munda ili mu dera Yamalo-Nenets. Akatswiri ena, kwakukulukulu adzaona ziyembekezo za kutukula gawo ili la Russia.

Izo zakonzedwa kuti chitukuko cha kozizira mpaka 2020 boma la Russia tikatha biliyoni 630 rubles. 50 biliyoni chikuyembekezeka kukopa monga ndalama dera. Chiwerengerochi kupereka boma pulogalamu ya chitukuko ya Arctic, nthawi yomweyo kuchuluka yantchito. Cholinga cha pulogalamu zogwirizana - ndi chitukuko mwatsatanetsatane za lonse Arctic dera.

Mwachirengedwe ku Russian Arctic anaganiza Udindo wa mabungwe m'madera nyanja komanso zikawonongeka monga Murmansk ndi Arkhangelsk m'madera a Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Krasnoyarsk Gawo, Yakutia, Chukotka Autonomous District. Lingathe gwelo la dera, malinga ndi maulamuliro, ndi yaikulu. Koma kukhazikitsa othandiza kumafuna khama kwambiri zokhudza njira zinthu zachilengedwe, mfundo yachilendo. Development zoyendera mphamvu, zomangamanga, zokopa alendo, malo zingamuthandize, monga Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko cha alumali Arctic - zochita wovuta kwambiri.

zachilengedwe Yamal

Kale Yamal dera - mmodzi wa chinsinsi cha makampani Russian mpweya. Minda panopa opangidwa oposa 80% mpweya wathu. Nkhokwe okwana gasi pa Yamal Peninsula - lipange wa kiyubiki mamita. Palinso mafuta - nkhokwe ake akuti tonnes kuzungulira 200 miliyoni. dongosolo Public-payekha kutukula yogwira zomangamanga ankatha kupereka polumikizira mpweya kuchokera Yamal.

zomangamanga gasi

Pakati pa zinthu zofunika pa ntchito yomanga zomangamanga mu Yamal - kupanga Lng. Choyamba, zomera pafupi ndi kuthetsa Sabetta, amene amasonkha "Novatek". Kukhoza ankayembekezera kumalo a ntchito - pafupifupi mamiliyoni 15 matani. Pafupi mmera amayenera ndege zomangamanga ndi doko lalikulu. Ankayembekezera munda waukulu, pa maziko amene kampani adzakhala ntchito, - South Tambeyskoye, amene ankaona waukulu kwambiri Yamal Peninsula. nkhokwe yake - thililiyoni 1.3 kiyubiki mamita mpweya. Pali zizindikiro zambiri zowonetsa kuti ntchito imeneyi zidzakhala kwakukulukulu lolunjika pa misika ya kunja. Anakonza tsiku kutumidwa ndi - 2016 chaka.

kumpoto latitudinal

Development wa Arctic Russia, ndithudi, si ntchito makampani mpweya. Pakati mumaganiza za lodziwika - kumanga yaitali kunyanja njira - kumpoto latitudinal njira. Kapangidwe ka msewu uwu apanyanja akuyenera kulowa madoko monga Salekhard, Nadym, Novy Urengoi. Kuzindikira za pulogalamu ya yomanga njira imeneyi nyanja amagwirizana ndi kufunika kuonetsetsa mgwirizano pakati pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za Arctic zazikulu-dera.

zomangamanga Railway

Kukula kwa Arctic limodzi ndi kumanga Intaneti latsopano njanji m'chigawochi. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri, makamaka kwa chitukuko cha minda mafuta ndi gasi condensate, komanso mwa mawu a chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma a m'dera Yamal-Nenets. Iwo akufuna kumanga malo okwerera sitima mfundo ob-2, atagona misewu, amene kugwirizana Salekhard ndi mbali ya kumpoto Railway. Anakonza yomanga mlatho kudutsa ob Mtsinje. zinthu izi ayenera kukhala ntchito mu 2015.

zomangamanga mafuta

Mafuta mayendedwe m'minda Yamal ndi zina zazikulu-dera liyenela chitukuko cha zomangamanga yoyenera. Pa ntchito patsogolo pa - mafuta "Puri-Pe" - "Samotlor". Wapadera izo - mu malo m'mayiko ambiri. Iye - ndi kumpoto ambiri waukulu Russian mapaipi mafuta. Cholinga cha zomangamanga ake - kuwonjezeka mu buku la mafuta kusamutsidwa kuchokera kozizira ndi Siberia ku mbali European la Russia ziyembekezo katundu.

zomangamanga magetsi

Development wa Arctic liyenela kukhazikitsa maofesi zomangamanga magetsi. Mwa chinsinsi - Mphamvu "kumalo ozizira". yomanga Linamalizidwa mu 2011. Zomera za anaika mphamvu - 268 MW. "Kumalo ozizira" kukuchitika chifukwa pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Madzi mosadodometsedwa wa kupanga magetsi , anaikira mu Yamal Peninsula, komanso anthu a mizinda m'chigawo, limachititsa m'malo boilers lotha kuti ntchito m'madera populata. Izi amadzisankhira kuchepetsa wotsatira wa tariffs kwa magetsi ndi kutentha kwa anthu a Yamal.

processing gasi

Zikuoneka kuti yopanga ndi mayendedwe a zipangizo pa Yamal Peninsula ayenera lowonjezera ndi mafakitale komanso processing. Makamaka, ndinazolowera ntchito otchedwa mpweya kugwirizana. chakuti mtundu uwu wa zinthu akhoza kukhala maziko ayambe chimasanduka kuwala. Nawonso, akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito makampani mankhwala kwa kupanga labala, detergents, etc. Mwa zomangamanga kiyi mafakitale m'dera Arctic - .. ovuta mafuta processing Noyabrsk ndi mabizinezi ofanana mu Gubkinsky.

mphepo

Yopangidwa ndi boma la Russia ndi njira makampani chitukuko Arctic mulinso chitukuko cha njira zina za magetsi. mbali iyi ndi ntchito ya zomangamanga zomera mphepo mphamvu. Malinga ndi mmodzi mwa ntchito panopa kudera ali mulingo woyenera chuma nyengo ya bwino kukhazikitsa yeniyeni ya ntchito zokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha magwero mphamvu zina. Pankhaniyi, mphepo magetsi kumangidwa musati amafuna kupanga zina zothetsera wachibadidwe latsopano zamakono - zonse zofunika kale mu msika. Kukhazikitsa zochitika zogwirizana zotheka - kuthekera chuma awo kukhazikitsa zatsimikiziridwa. Boma la Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District ananenera kufunitsitsa ake kukhala Investor mu ntchito lolingana malangizo.

zokopa alendo

Kukula kwa Russian Arctic chikuyembekezeka osati mbali ya chitukuko mafakitale komanso mu njira yosiyana pang'ono - ndi alendo. Tsopano chiwerengero cha okonda amene akufuna kukaona Yamal mwa kuyenda, osati kwambiri. Komabe, lingathe chitukuko cha mafakitale zogwirizana m'chigawo kwambiri. Izi lofotokozeredwa m'njira osiyanasiyana zinthu. Choyamba, pa Yamal Peninsula chikhalidwe wokongola. Kachiwiri, anthu pano zamakolo moyo mu Russia, amene chikhalidwe, moyo ndi alendo a dera amapereka kukoma wapadera. Chachitatu, Yamal - malo aakulu kwa anthu okonda panja.

Apanso, tiona kuti chidwi chake pa chitukuko cha mafakitale zokopa alendo, boma ananena Yamal. Zolinga za akuluakulu - kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha zomangamanga zofunika kwa apaulendo komanso kuthandiza amalonda chinkhoswe mu kukopa alendo m'deralo. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti Yamal, komanso madera ena a kozizira, analonjeza mu mawu a chitukuko cha kuyenda sitima.

Mbali zachilengedwe

ndi mavuto chachikulu chimene, akapanda ichi chitukuko bwino za Russian Arctic zingakhale zovuta ziti? Kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino, tinaona kuti mwa madera amene amafunika chisamaliro chapadera, - chilengedwe. Mwa malo a ntchito kuti ayenera akuyendera posachedwapa, - kukonza Madera Arctic komwe ngozi zachilengedwe akalipo kwambiri.

mafuta mtengo Chinthu

Mu Baibulo wina wa zachuma ndi kulowa gawo kuchuluka kwa mitengo otsika mafuta. Kodi mfundo imeneyi kukhala chinthu sizabwino mbali ya chitukuko ya Arctic? Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndalama mafuta ndi gasi kupanga m'chigawo ndi chotero kuti ngakhale panopa si kwambiri mitengo dziko mafuta lolingana mtundu wa ntchito zachuma adzatsala opindulitsa.