Mapaipi: mapaipi Russia

Russian mafuta mapaipi - chimodzi ndi kiyi wa mafuta ndi mphamvu gawo la chuma. Pakali pano, ku Russia ukugwira ntchito misewu kwambiri mapaipi mafuta, mapaipi mpweya ndi mapaipi mafuta a osiyanasiyana tanthauzo. Payipi zoyendera olumikizirana ambiri mwa mfundo Federation, komanso amatumikira kwa katundu wa chimasanduka ndi ena ofanana awo.

gulu la mapaipi

Mapaipi zidzasankhidwa mogwirizana ndi cholinga awo:

• Local zinthu LUMIKIZANI mwa nsomba, mafuta ndi kusunga mafuta maofesi, ayenga.
• conduits Regional ndi kutalika makumi angapo makilomita. Oilfields kumumanga ku siteshoni mbuye, ndi zinthu mafuta potsegula (potsegula) pa madzi kapena njanji, ndi payipi yaikulu.
• Msana - mapaipi, umene uli pa 50 Km, chitoliro awiri kuchokera mamilimita 200 1400 mamilimita ndi pamwamba. Mtunda umene mankhwala akhoza amaperekedwa mu mapaipi zimenezi, mazana kapena zikwi makilomita. Ikukoka ikuchitika osati wina siteshoni kompresa ndi angapo, spaced pamodzi njira ya payipi ya. Malinga ndi mafuta amawapopa, ndi payipi waukulu wotchedwa payipi (yosakongola mafuta ikukoka) ndi mankhwala (mafuta), mafuta wakuda, ndi mafuta a nyali, ndi ena.

Njovu mizere ndi opareshoni mosalekeza, iwo akhoza kukhala amasiya kanthawi pangozi, zinthu yokonza kapena m'malo mbali.

Kukula kwa mapaipi mafuta mu Russia

mbiri ya chitukuko cha mapaipi mu Russia ndi analandira zogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale mafuta. Mu 1901, boma limapanga pafupifupi theka la okwana mafuta kupanga dziko. Ndi kukula mabuku a zipangizo ochuluka kunayambitsa funso la mayendedwe ake. kuthekera chuma yomanga mapaipi chimene chasonyeza kuti kuchepetsa wakewo wa njanji ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zoyendera.

Woyamba Russian thunthu mapaipi ndi utali wonse wa 1147 Km zamangidwa kumayambiriro a XIX ndi XX zaka chikugwirizana minda pafupi ndi Baku ayenga mafuta. kanthu kumanga woyamba mankhwala payipi wokwatibwa ndi Di Mendeleev. dongosolo yagwiridwira mu 1906. Kutalika payipi ya 831 Km, mapaipi 200 mm ndi malo 13 kompresa inali yaikulu mu dziko pa nthawi imeneyo zofunikira palafini ku Baku ku mzinda wa Batumi kwa katundu.

M'zaka prewar, ndi utuluke chachikulu cha mafuta ndi mafuta malonda anali mu Nyanja ya Caspian, ndi Caucasus ndi Volga beseni. Iwo anapatsidwa mu mafuta payipi Grozny-Tuapse (649 Km, 273 mamilimita awiri), Ishimbai-Ufa (169 Km, 300 mm) ndi mankhwala Mangyshlak - Samara ndi Ayenela-Balik - Almetyevsk.

A wozungulira atsopano chitukuko cha Russian mafuta mapaipi (ndiye USSR) tingaphunzire mu zaka pambuyo nkhondo. Iwo peaked mu nthawi ya chitukuko mofulumira migodi ndiponso pokonza wa mafuta mu beseni Volga-Urals ndi chitukuko cha madipoziti ku Siberia. mapaipi a yaitali mpaka 1200 mamilimita awiri anali anamanga. Zikomo kuti ena mwa iwo (mwachitsanzo, Surgut - Polotsk), mafuta Siberia anayamba adzaperekedwa ku zigawo chapakati Russia, Belarus ndi Baltic States.

Ubwino zoyendera payipi

Kukula kwambiri tima mafuta ndi gasi mapaipi Russia analandira mu theka lachiwiri la XX atumwi. Lero, voliyumu ndi yokoka yeniyeni ya kusamutsidwa mapaipi hydrocarbon ndi likunena displaces njira madzi ndi sitima zoyendera mafuta ndi mafuta malonda. Ubwino waukulu wa mafuta ndi gasi mapaipi ndi:

• A osiyanasiyana chapadera cha ikukoka, vuto lililonse ntchito, ndi bandiwifi kwambiri, zomvetsa osachepera.
• A lonse kukhuthala osiyanasiyana mafuta amawapopa.
• Khola ntchito mu mabacteria zosiyanasiyana nyengo.
• Kuthekera kumanga payipi ndi pafupifupi m'madera onse.
• The mkulu mlingo wa mechanization zomangamanga.
• kachitidwe zokha kayendetsedwe ka njira zamakono.

The sangathe waukulu zoyendera payipi akuti ndi ndalama mokwanira lalikulu mu gawo yomanga.

Yaikulu Russian mapaipi mafuta

1. Baku - Novorossiysk - ndi payipi kutulutsa Caspian mafuta ku doko la Novorossiysk.
2. Balakhani - Black City - ndi woyamba Russian mafuta payipi achita m'Mphamvu mu 1878. Njovu payipi zikugwirizana Balakhani nsomba ndi Absheron Peninsula ndi kuyenga mphamvu pafupi ndi Baku.
3. Baltic payipi maukonde. Kulengedwa mphamvu - matani 74 miliyoni a mafuta pachaka. Izo zikugwirizana doko la Primorsk m'minda mafuta mu Western Siberia ndi dera Ural-Volga.
4. Kum'mawa Siberia - Pacific Ocean - ndi payipi polumikiza minda Siberia ndi mafuta doko Kozmino pafupi Nakhodka. payipi woyendetsa - OJSC "AK" Transneft ". Utali wa 4188 Km limachititsa katundu mafuta Russian ku Asia Pacific ndi US misika.
5. The payipi mafuta "Druzhba" - padziko lonse lapansi dongosolo la mapaipi chachikulu, anamanga mankhwala mafuta ndi mafuta m'mayiko zokomera a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Tsopano opareshoni chifukwa cha katundu ku Ulaya.
6. Grozny - Tuapse - woyamba Russian thunthu payipi sing'anga awiri, anamanga m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri kwa yonyamula mafuta Caucasus kwa Black Sea gombe.
7. The Caspian payipi Consortium (CPC) payipi zikugwirizana munda kumadzulo Kazakhstan kuti osachiritsika pa gombe Black Sea pafupi Novorossiysk.
8. Murmansk payipi ndi mphamvu matani 80 miliyoni zikugwirizana minda mafuta mu Western Siberia ndi doko la Murmansk.
9. Surgut - Polotsk - ndi payipi mafuta yolumikiza Western Siberia ndi Belarus kenako mayiko Baltic ndi Poland.
10. A wapadera mkangano waukulu mafuta payipi Uzen - Atyrau - Samara.

Tumizani kudzera mapaipi mafuta

Panopa Russian mafuta mapaipi mlandu 84% ya zogulitsa kunja kwa dziko la mafuta. Otsala 13% ndi mayendedwe njanji ndi 3% - amadzimadzi ndi mtsinje zoyendera. OJSC "AK" Transneft "- yekha woyendetsa wa mapaipi mafuta mu Russia. Chimachititsa 97% ya mafuta kusamutsidwa opangidwa mu dziko. Kutalika kwa dongosolo payipi ya kampani -. Oposa 217 zikwi makilomita, zomwe zikugwirizana zigawo zikuluzikulu za mafuta kupanga mu Russia ndi misika malonda mu Europe. 46,7 thous. Km wa okwana dongosolo zoyendera zokhudzana ndi mapaipi mafuta ndi 19,3 thous. Km ali mapaipi a.

Main mafuta mapaipi mu Russia, zimakhudzidwa ndi katundu wa:

• The Baltic payipi mphamvu - matani 74 miliyoni pa chaka;
• Dongosolo payipi "Druzhba". Mmodzi wa nthambi ya payipi amapita ku Poland, wachiwiri - mu Slovakia. Total mphamvu - matani 90 miliyoni;
• Black Sea mafuta payipi - matani mamiliyoni 43.

Malo ambiri zingamuthandize kuti chitukuko cha zogulitsa kunja mafuta Russian ndi East Siberia, chifukwa kukula ndawala mu mafuta mu China.