Kudziletsa pa biology ndi ... Lingaliro la kudzidziletsa pazinthu zamoyo

Kudziletsa pa biology ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa moyo, zomwe zimakhalapo pokhazikitsa ndi kusungirako gawo lina la magawo oyenerera kuti azigwira bwino ntchito. Chofunika cha ndondomekoyi ndikuti palibe zisonkhezero zakunja zomwe zimakhala oyang'anira. Zomwe zimatsogolera kusintha zimapangidwa mkati mwa dongosolo lodzilamulira lokha ndipo zimathandiza kuti pakhale mgwirizano wamphamvu. Zomwe zimachitika panthawi imeneyi zingakhale zowonongeka, zowonongeka ndikuyambiranso monga momwe zinthu zinawonongeka kapena zimatha.

Kudziletsa: tanthauzo la chilengedwe

Njira iliyonse yamoyo, kuchokera mu selo kupita ku biogeocenosis, imakhala ikuwonetsedwa ku zinthu zina zakunja. Mavuto a kutentha amasintha, chinyezi, chakudya chimathera kapena mpikisano wa mitundu imakhala yolimba - zitsanzo zingakhale zazikulu. Pachifukwa ichi, kuthekera kwa kayendedwe kalikonse kamadalira mphamvu yake yosunga chikhalidwe cha mkati (homeostasis). Ndi kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi ndipo pali kudziletsa. Tsatanetsatane wa lingaliro limatanthauza kuti kusintha kwa malo akunja sizomwe zimakhala zovuta mwamsanga. Zimasandulika zizindikiro zomwe zimachititsa kuti izi zisinthe kapena kusayanjanitsa ndikutsogolera njira zodzilamulira zokhazokha kuti zibwezeretsedwe ku boma. Pa mlingo uliwonse, kugwirizana uku kwa zinthu kumawoneka mosiyana, kotero kuti timvetsetse kuti kudziletsa ndi kotani, tiyeni tiyang'ane pa iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Miyeso yokonza zinthu zamoyo

Sayansi yamakono yamakono imamatira ku lingaliro lakuti zinthu zonse zachirengedwe ndi zachikhalidwe ndizochitika. Zimakhala ndi zinthu zosiyana, nthawi zonse zogwirizana mogwirizana ndi malamulo ena. Zinthu zamoyo sizili zosiyana ndi malamulo awa, iwo ali ndi machitidwe ndi mawonekedwe awo apakati ndi maulendo angapo. Ndipo nyumbayo ili ndi mbali imodzi yosangalatsa. Ndondomeko iliyonse imatha kuimira gawo lapamwamba ndikukhala osonkhanitsa (ndiko kuti, dongosolo lomwelo) m'magulu apansi. Mwachitsanzo, mtengo ndi chinthu chodabwitsa m'nkhalango ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ambiri.

Pofuna kupeŵa chisokonezo, mu biology ndizochizoloŵezi kulingalira mbali zinayi zofunika za bungwe:

• Maselo-maselo;
• Ontogenetic (organism - kuchokera ku selo kupita kwa munthu);
• Chiwerengero cha anthu;
• Biogeocenotic (chilengedwe cha chilengedwe).

Njira zodzilamulira

Zomwe zikuchitika pazigawo zonsezi zimasiyana kwambiri ndi magetsi, magwero amphamvu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zotsatira zake, koma zimakhala zofanana. Iwo amachokera pa njira zomwezo za kudzidziletsa okha kwa machitidwe. Choyamba, iyi ndiyo njira yowonetsera. N'zotheka m'zinenero ziwiri: zabwino ndi zoipa. Kumbukirani kuti kulankhulana kwachindunji kumaphatikizapo kutumizidwa kwa chidziwitso kuchokera ku gawo limodzi la dongosolo kupita ku lina, zomwe zimachokera mosiyana, kuyambira yachiwiri mpaka yoyamba. Pankhaniyi, zonsezi zimasintha gawo la gawo lolandira.

Malingaliro othandiza amachititsa kuti mfundo, zomwe zoyamba kuzidziwitsa zachiwiri, zimakhazikitsidwa ndikupitirizabe kuchitidwa. Njira yotereyi ikudalira kukula ndi chitukuko. Chigawo chachiwiri chimawonetsa kuti wakale akupitirizabe njira zomwezo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kukhazikika kwa dongosolo kumasokonezeka.

Njira yaikulu

Apo ayi, maganizo osokoneza amagwira ntchito . Zimatsogolera ku mawonekedwe atsopano kusintha, zosiyana ndi zomwe zomwe poyamba zimaphunzitsa chachiwiri. Chifukwa chake, njira zomwe zimaphwanya mgwirizano zimathetsedwa ndi kuthetsedwa, ndipo dongosololi limakhazikika. Kulongosola kosavuta ndi ntchito yachitsulo: kutentha kwake ndi chizindikiro chotsegula chimbudzi . Malingaliro olakwika ali pamtima pa njira zonse zokhudzana ndi kusunga homeostasis.

Zolumikiza zonse

Kudziletsa pa biology ndi ndondomeko yomwe imayendetsedwa m'magulu onse otchulidwa. Cholinga chake ndikuteteza kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha kukonzekera konse, kudziletsa kumakhala pakati pa zigawo zambiri za sayansi ya chilengedwe. Mu biology, ichi ndi cytology, physiology ya nyama ndi zomera, ndi zamoyo. Chimodzi mwazigawochi chimagwira ntchito yosiyana. Tiyeni tione zomwe kudziletsa ndizo, pazigawo zoyambirira za gulu la amoyo.

Mitsempha ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda

Mu selo lirilonse, njira zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zikhale ndi mgwirizano wodalirika wa chilengedwe chamkati. Zina mwa izo, mbali yaikulu mu lamulo ikuwonetsedwa ndi kuyang'anira ma jini omwe amapanga mapuloteni amadalira.

Zomwe zimachitika pang'onopang'ono zimakhala zosavuta kumatsatira mwachitsanzo cha mitsempha yowonjezera yomwe imatsutsidwa ndi zotsiriza. Cholinga cha ntchito zoterezi pakukonzekera zinthu zovuta kukhala zosavuta. Chogwiritsidwa ntchito chomaliza ndi chimodzimodzi mu kapangidwe kake ka enzyme yoyamba mu unyolo. Malo amenewa amathandiza kwambiri kuti asunge malo otchedwa homeostasis. Chomerachi chimamangiriza ku mavitamini ndipo chimaphwanya ntchito yake chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe kawo. Izi zimachitika kokha pokhapokha ndondomeko ya chinthu chotsirizira yoposa chiwerengero chovomerezeka. Chotsatira chake, ndondomeko ya kuthirira imasiya, ndipo mankhwala omalizidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi selo pazofuna zake. Patapita kanthawi, msinkhu wa chinthucho umagwera pansi pa mtengo wovomerezeka. Ichi ndi chizindikiro choyambitsa kuthirira: mapuloteni achotsedwa ku enzyme, kuletsedwa kwa ndondomeko kuima ndipo chirichonse chimayambiranso.

Kuwonjezeka kovuta

Kudziletsa pa chilengedwe nthawi zonse kumakhazikika pa mfundo ya ndemanga ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapereka malinga ndi zofanana ndizo. Komabe, pa mlingo wina uliwonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ionekere. Kwa selo, chilengedwe cha mkati chimakhala chofunikira, kusunga zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pa mlingo wotsatira, ndondomeko ya kudzidziletsa inakonzedwa kuthetsa mavuto ambiri. Choncho, zamoyo zambiri zimawoneka zamoyo zonse zomwe zimathandizira homeostasis. Izi ndi ziwalo za kupuma, kutaya, kuyendayenda, ndi zina zotero. Kuphunzira za kusinthika kwa dziko lapansi ndi zinyama kumabweretsa momveka bwino momwe, momwe kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi zinthu zakunja zimakhalira zovuta, njira za kudzidziletsa zimakhala bwino.

Chiwalo chamoyo

Kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe cha mkati kumakhala kosamalidwa bwino m'zinyama. Maziko a chitukuko cha kudzikonda ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwake ndi dongosolo lamanjenje ndi lachiwerewere. Kuthandizana nthawi zonse, iwo amayendetsa njira zomwe zimachitika m'thupi, zimathandizira kulenga ndi kukonzanso zofanana zogwirizana. Ubongo umalandira zizindikiro kuchokera ku mitsempha ya mitsempha yomwe ilipo mbali iliyonse ya thupi. Zomwe zimayenda kuchokera kumagulu a endocrine zimatsikira pansi pano. Kugwirizana kwa malamulo a mantha ndi mahomoni kumapangitsa kuti nthawi zambiri kukonzanso njira zowonongeka.

Ndemanga

Ntchito ya pulogalamuyi imatha kutengera chitsanzo cha kusunga magazi. Zosintha zonse mu chizindikiro ichi zimagwidwa ndi mapepala apadera omwe ali pa zombo. Kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa mukumva kumakhudza kutambasula kwa makoma a capillaries, mitsempha ndi mitsempha. Ndizo kusintha kumeneku ndi zovomerezeka zimayankha. Chizindikirocho chimafalitsidwa ku malo opatsirana, ndipo kuchokera kwa iwo amapitiliza "malangizo", momwe mungakonzere kayendedwe ka ziwiya ndi ntchito ya mtima. Ndondomeko ya malamulo oyendetsa ubongo imagwirizananso . Zotsatira zake, kupanikizika kumabwerera kuchibadwa. Ndi zophweka kuona kuti njira zomwezo zimagwirizana ndi ntchito yovomerezeka ya dongosolo.

Pamutu pa zonse

Kudziletsa, kutsimikiza kwa kusintha kwina mu ntchito ya zamoyo, kumakhala pamaziko a kusintha konse kwa thupi, momwe zimakhudzidwira ndi zochitika zakunja. Kupsinjika maganizo ndi katundu wamuyaya zingayambitse ziwalo zina za hypertrophy. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi minofu yokhazikika ya othamanga ndi mapapu ochulukirapo a mafani a kumasula. Nthawi zambiri nkhawa ndi matenda. Kusokoneza mtima kwachilendo n'kosazolowereka anthu amapezeka kuti ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Awa ndi momwe thupi limayankhira kufunika kowonjezera kulemetsa kwa kukupaka magazi.

Njira zodzilamulira zokha zimagwirizana ndi zochitika za thupi zomwe zimachitika panthawiyo. M'magazi, kuchuluka kwa hormone ya adrenaline kumasulidwa, yomwe imayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu: kuwonjezeka kwa okosijeni, kuchuluka kwa shuga, kuchuluka kwa mtima wa mtima ndi kukulitsa minofu. Pankhaniyi, ndalama zonse zimasungidwa chifukwa cha kubwezeredwa kwa ntchito za zigawo zina: chimbudzi chimachepa, kugonana kumatha.

Kulimbitsa mphamvu

Tiyenera kudziwika kuti homeostasis, pamtundu uliwonse womwe umasungidwa, sizowona. Zonse zomwe zimachitika mkati mwa chilengedwe zimasungidwa mkati mwazinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayendera komanso nthawi zonse zimakhala zosasuntha. Kotero, iwo amalankhula za kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa dongosolo. Nkofunikira pa nthawi yomweyo kuti mtengo wa padera wina sungapitirire kumalo otchedwa oscillation corridor.

Kukhazikika komanso kudziletsa pa zachilengedwe

Biogeocenosis (zachilengedwe) zimakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zogwirizana: biocenosis ndi biotope. Choyamba ndizokhazikitsidwa zamoyo zonse zapadera. Biotopes ndi zinthu za malo osamalidwa kumene biocenosis imakhala. Zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudza zamoyo zonse zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu:

• Zolemba za Abiotic zachilengedwe: kutentha, kuwala, chinyezi ndi zinthu zina za chilengedwe chopanda moyo;
• Zosokoneza zachilengedwe: chikoka cha zamoyo zina, zimagawanika kukhala mpikisano, chigwirizano, ziphuphu;
• Zomwe zimayambitsa zachilengedwe - chilengedwe cha anthu.

Kusungidwa kwa homeostasis kumatanthawuza ubwino wa zamoyo nthawi zonse kuti ziwonongeke kunja kwa chilengedwe komanso kusintha zinthu zina. Kugwiritsa ntchito biogeocenosis kudziletsa kumayambira makamaka pa dongosolo la trophic connections. Iwo ndi mzere wotsekedwa womwe mphamvu ikuyenda. Olima (zomera ndi hemobacteria) amalandira izo kuchokera ku dzuwa kapena chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mankhwala, kulenga mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi ogulitsa (herbivores, odyetsa, omnivores) a malemba angapo. Pa gawo lotsiriza la kayendetsedwe ka zamoyozo ndizo zowonongeka (mabakiteriya, mitundu yina ya mphutsi) zomwe zimawononga zinthu zakuthupi mmalo mwake. Iwo amadziwidwanso mu dongosolo ngati chakudya kwa opanga.

Mphindi ya kayendetsedwe ka zinthu imatsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo yakuti pa mlingo uliwonse pali mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo. Ngati mmodzi wa iwo atagwa mu mndandanda, mmalo mwake amapangidwira ntchito yomweyo.

Zotsatira za kunja

Kusunga homeostasis kumaphatikizapo ndi kuyang'ana nthawi zonse kuchokera kunja. Kusinthasintha kuzungulira zochitika za chilengedwe kumabweretsa kufunika kokonzanso kayendedwe ka mkati. Pali njira zingapo zoyenera kukhalira:

• Kukhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera zobereka za anthu;
• Kusinthasintha kwa zamoyo zina kusintha kusintha kwa chilengedwe;
• Mitundu yambiri ya zomera ndi nthambi zamakhwala.

Zinthu zitatuzi zimathandiza kuti zinthu zamoyo zizikhala zofanana. Choncho, pamlingo wa biogeocenosis, kudziletsa pa biology ndiko kuberekanso kwa anthu, kuteteza manambala ndi kukana zochitika zachilengedwe. Pachifukwa ichi, monga momwe zilili ndi thupi, thupi likhoza kukhala lokhazikika.

Lingaliro la kudzidziletsa pazinthu za moyo limapanga mafotokozedwe omwe amafotokozedwa kwa anthu ndi mabungwe a anthu. Mfundo zake zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu psychology. Ndipotu ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za sayansi yamakono.