Mitundu ya majeremusi ya mpweya

Ngati chikho cha madzi chimaima kwa nthawi yayitali, pamapeto pake madzi onse adzasanduka madzi. M'nkhani ino, tizingolankhula chifukwa chake izi zimachitika, ndikukambirana za katundu wa mpweya.

Kutuluka kwa mpweya

Mamolekyu amadzi amasuntha kutentha kosiyana pa kutentha kosiyana. Inde, ambiri amatsatira kufunika kokha kwa liwiro, koma zina mwazimene zizindikirozo zimasiyana kwambiri.

Pansi pa zochitika izi, imodzi mwa ma molekyulu ofulumira kwambiri imamenyana ndi madzi.

Pamwamba pamadzi ndi malire kumene madzi akugwirizanitsa ndi mpweya. Pambuyo kugunda pamenepo, molekyulu ikhoza kugonjetsa kukopa kwa zina, pang'onopang'ono mamolekyumu ndi kusiya madzi omwe. Izi zimatchedwa evaporation. Malekyulo omwe amathawa madzi amasanduka nthunzi. Tsopano tiyeni tipitirire mpaka ku mawu omveka.

Kutuluka kwa madzi - kusintha kwa madzi kukhala nthunzi. Ntchitoyi ingathe kuchitika pamalire ndi mpweya.

Zomwe zimatulutsa madzi zimatanthauzanso kuti patatha nthawi inayake kamolekyu ikhoza kubwerera m'madzi. Izi zimatchedwa condensation.

Kukonzekera ndi chinthu chosiyana ndi kutuluka kwa madzi.

Kulimbitsa mphamvu

Mitengo ya nthunzi ndi yosiyana, ndipo tsopano tizakambirana za imodzi mwa izi.

Tinafotokozera kale zomwe zimachitika pamene mamolekyu imasiya madzi, koma chitsanzo chinabweretsedwa ndi kapu yotsegula madzi. Tsopano tizakambirana zomwe zidzachitike ngati chikho chidzatsekedwa mwamphamvu. Pachifukwa ichi, mphamvu ya mpweya pamwamba pa madzi idzawonjezeka. Chifukwa cha izi, particles zimatetezana wina ndi mzake kuti asachoke malire ndi mpweya, monga momwe zotsatirazi zimatha kuchepa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuchulukitsa kwa mpweya kumawonjezeka, chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa nthunzi, chiwerengero cha mamolekyu amene abwereranso ku madzi chidzakhala chachikulu.

Posakhalitsa, panthawi yomwe izi zimaperekedwa, mlingo wa condensation umafanana ndi mlingo wa madzi. Madzi awa ndi nthunzi amatchedwa mphamvu yogwirizana .

Kufanana kwa mphamvu ndi pamene, panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chiwerengero cha mamolekyu omwe asanduka nthunzi ndi ofanana ndi chiwerengero cha mamolekyu amene apitanso mmadzi. Kuchokera pa izi, zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa madzi sikungachepetse, ngati kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nthunzi yakhala "yodzaza".

Mpweya wokhutira ndi pamene umakhala wofanana ndi madzi omwe udatulukamo. Mofananamo, nthunzi yomwe siili mu mgwirizano wamphamvu imatchedwa unsaturated.

Mitengo ya mpweya imatanthawuza kuti mpweya wodzaza nthawizonse umakhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa kupanikizika ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kuposa mpweya wosasinthika. Izi ndizomwe, chifukwa mpweya wokhutira uli ndi mtengo wapatali wa kupanikizika ndi kuchuluka kwake. Mu fizikiya, izi zimatchulidwa monga p ndi _n, motero.

Zokwanira zowonjezera mpweya

Izi zimachokera kuzinthu zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa kuti mkhalidwe wa mpweya wokhutira umatha kufotokozedwa ndi equation yomweyo monga boma la gesi yabwino. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mgwirizano pakati pa unyinji ndi kupanikizidwa ukuwonedwa.

Madzi a madzi ndi madzi ndi zodabwitsa, makamaka chifukwa cha izi. Ndipo ichi, pokhudzana ndi kufanana kwa mpweya wodzaza ndi mafuta abwino, anayesedwa mwachiyeso. Zimakhala zodabwitsa chifukwa zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimakhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Tiyenera kutchula kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo.

Kutengera kwa kuchulukitsitsa pa kutentha

Ndiyetu ndikuyenera kunena ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "awiri", amatanthawuza "nthunzi yodzaza". Motero, mphamvu zamagetsi zimatanthawuza kuti kutentha kwake pamatentha omwewo sikudalira mphamvu. Choncho, ngati kukakamizidwa kwapangidwe kumapangidwa mu chotengera chosindikizidwa, ndiye kuti mphamvu ya mpweya idzawonjezeka kwa nthawi ndithu. Ndiponso condensation idzathamanga ndipo nthawi zina zimadutsa njira evaporation. Izi zidzapitirira mpaka mchitidwe wogwirizana ukupezeka. Ndi kuyamba kwake, unyinjiwu umayimiranso.

Zomwezo zidzachitika ngati kuponderezedwa kumachepetsedwa, malo okha omwe mpweya wochulukirapo ukukwera umachepa. Izi ndi chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa evaporation. Koma ndondomekoyi idzapitirira mpaka ndondomeko zonse zitakhazikika.

Ndiponso mphamvu ya nthunzi siimakhudza mavuto ake m'njira iliyonse. Izi ndizomwe, chifukwa voliyumu siimakhudza kuchuluka kwake. Ndipo molingana ndi ndondomekoyi, kuchulukitsidwa ndi kupanikizika ndizomwe zikuchitika panthawiyi. Kuchokera ichi ndi chiweruzo ichi chimatsatira.

Zotsatira za kutentha pamtundu

Mitengo ya madzi ndi nthunzi imatanthauzanso kuti, ndi madzi omwewo, kukula kwake kumaphatikiza ndi Kutenthedwa, koma mosiyana, kumachepa ndi kutentha kwake.

Pamene kutentha kumatuluka, kutuluka kwa madzi kumawonjezeka nthawi zambiri. Ndipo monga mu chitsanzo choyambirira, kugwirizana kwakukulu kumaphwanyidwa, chifukwa cha kutuluka kwakukulu kwa madzi, koma kwa kanthawi. Posakhalitsa, njira zowonjezera madzi ndi condensation zimayimiranso.

Mofananamo zimachitika pamene kutentha kumagwa. Pokhapokha pokhapokha mlingo wa evaporation udzatsika, ndipo condensation idzapitirira mpaka nthawi yomwe pali kusiyana pakati pawo. Koma, ndithudi, izi zimachitika ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha nthunzi.

Kuchokera pa izi, zikhoza kunenedwa kuti lamulo la Charles ndi steam yodzaza sizimagwira ntchito. Ndiye chifukwa chake madzi akamatenthedwa ndi utakhazikika, misa yake imasintha, ndipo izi, zikutanthauza kuti ntchitoyi si yeniyeni.

Kulimbana ndi kutentha

Kupitiliza phunziro ili, ndiyenera kutchula ubale wina. Zoona zake n'zakuti pakakhala kutentha kwakukulu, mpweya wa mpweya umawonjezereka kangapo. Ndipotu, kudalira kumeneku kumachitika ndi kuchulukitsitsa, koma izi zimachokera ku mfundo yakuti kuchulukitsidwa ndi kupanikizana ndizomwe zimagwirizanirana mu njirayi.

Kudalira kwa kutentha kwa kutentha sikungakhale kosiyana ndi lamulo la gesi yabwino, popeza kudalira kumeneku kumaperekedwa.

Kutentha kwa mpweya

Ndi nthawi yolankhula za chinyezi. Air imatchedwa yonyowa pamene ili ndi nthunzi. Ndipo zikuonekeratu kuti kudalira kumeneku ndiko kufanana. Ndiko, nthunzi yowonjezera, mlengalenga kwambiri.

Komanso palinso lingaliro la " mvula yeniyeni " - ichi ndi chodabwitsa pamene cholengedwa kuthamanga mumlengalenga ndi chofanana ndi mpweya wa mpweya. Chodabwitsa ichi chimagwiranso ntchito ndi mphamvu ya mpweya.

Mvula yokhudza kugwirizana imatanthawuza chiŵerengero cha mvula yamtundu uliwonse mumlengalenga kupsyinjika kwa nthunzi yambiri, ngati kutentha kuli kofanana.

Psychrometer ndi chida choyesa chinyezi cha mpweya. Zili ndi ma thermometers awiri, imodzi yokha ndiyo yokutidwa mu nsalu yonyowa. Cholinga cha ntchito yake ndi chakuti pang'onopang'ono kutuluka kwa minofu kuchokera minofu imathamanga mofulumira, chifukwa chimene chimatentha kwambiri. Poona izi, kusiyana pakati pa zida ziwirizi zikuwonekera. Malingana ndi izi, zinyontho za mlengalenga zawerengedwa kale.