Ndi zomera ziti zomwe zimatchedwa apamwamba? Zitsanzo, zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za zomera zapamwamba

Kodi aliyense amadziwa kuti zomera zimatchedwa apamwamba kwambiri? Mitundu imeneyi ili ndi zizindikiro zake. Mpaka pano, zomera zowonjezereka zikuphatikizapo:

• Kumapiri.
• Mosses.
• Mafi.
• Mahatchi.
• Ma Gymnosperms.
• Angiosperms.

Pali mitundu yoposa 285 ya zomera zoterezi. Iwo amasiyanitsidwa ndi bungwe lapamwamba kwambiri. Matupi awo ali ndi kuthawa ndizu (kupatula mosses).

Zizindikiro

Mitengo yapamwamba imakhala padziko lapansi. Nyumbayi imasiyana ndi malo akumadzi.

Makhalidwe apamwamba:

• Thupi liri ndi ziwalo ndi ziwalo.
• Mothandizidwa ndi ziwalo zowonjezera zakudya ndi zakudya zamagetsi zimachitika.
• Ma gymnosperms ndi angiosperms amabalana mothandizidwa ndi mbewu.

Mitengo yambiri yapamwamba imakhala ndi mizu, zimayambira ndi masamba. Ziwalo zawo n'zovuta kumanga. Mitunduyi ili ndi maselo (tracheids), zotengera, zida za sieve, ndi ziphuphu zawo zimapanga dongosolo lovuta.

Mbali yaikulu ya zomera zapamwamba ndi kusintha kwa mibadwo. Amachoka ku gawo la haploid kupita ku diploid phase, ndipo mosiyana.

Chiyambi cha zomera zoposa

Zizindikiro zonse za zomera zapamwamba zimasonyeza kuti, mwinamwake, zinachokera ku algae. Kufanananso kwakukulu kuli ndi oimira algae omwe sali oimira a gulu lapamwamba. Iwo ali ndi kusintha kofanana komweko kwa mibadwo ndi zina zambiri makhalidwe.

Pali lingaliro lakuti zomera zapamwamba zaonekera kuchokera ku green algae kapena madzi amchere. Yoyamba kukwera rinophytes. Mitengo ikasunthira kumtunda, idayamba kukula mofulumira. Madzi sizinatheke, chifukwa amafunikira madzi ngati madontho, kuti akhalepo. Chifukwa cha izi, amawoneka m'malo omwe mumakhala chinyezi.

Mpaka pano, zomera zafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Iwo amakhoza kuwonedwa mu chipululu, otentha ndi malo ozizira. Iwo amapanga nkhalango, mathithi, madambo.

Ngakhale kuti pamene mukuganiza za zomera zomwe zimatchedwa apamwamba kwambiri, mukhoza kutchula zikwi zambiri zomwe mungasankhe, komabe zingathe kuphatikizidwa kukhala anyamata ena.

Moss

Pakufotokozerani kuti zomera zimatchedwa apamwamba, wina sayenera kuiwala za mosses. M'chilengedwe, mitundu pafupifupi 10,000 imachoka. Kunja chomera chochepa ichi, kutalika kwake sikudutsa 5 masentimita.

Madzi samasamba, alibe mizu yomwe imayambitsa dongosolo. Kuberekera kumachitika ndi chithandizo cha mkangano. Gametophyte ya haploid imayambira mu moyo wa moss. Chomera ichi, chomwe chimakhala kwa zaka zingapo, chingakhale ndi ziphuphu zofanana ndi mizu. Koma sporophyte ya mosses siimatha nthawi yaitali, imatha, imakhala ndi mwendo, bokosi, kumene kusasitsa kwa spores kumachitika. Mapangidwe a oimira awa a chilengedwe ndi osavuta, sakudziwa momwe angakhalire mizu.

Mosses amagwira ntchito yotereyi m'chilengedwe:

• Amapanga biocenosis yapadera.
• Chophimba cha moss chimatenga zinthu zowonongeka ndi kuzisunga.
• Sungani kayendedwe ka madzi a malo chifukwa chakuti amamwa madzi.
• Tetezani nthaka kuchokera ku kutentha kwa nthaka, komwe kukulolani kuti musamalire moyenda madzi.
• Mitundu ina ya misa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zachipatala.
• Peat imapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi azimayi a sphagnum.

Mitengo ya Placenta

Kuwonjezera pa mitsitsi, pali zitsamba zina zapamwamba. Zitsanzo zingakhale zosiyana, koma onse ali ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mosses amafanana ndi chomera cha moss, koma zamoyo zawo zakhala zikupita patsogolo kwambiri, chifukwa izi ndi zamoyo zambiri. Zimakhala ndi zimayambira zomwe zimaphimba masamba ang'onoang'ono. Iwo ali ndi mizu ndi minofu yambiri, yomwe chakudya chimayambira. Kukhalapo kwa zigawozi zazigawozi ndizofanana ndi ferns.

M'madera otentha, zigawo za epiphytic zimasiyana. Amapachika pamitengo, ndikuwoneka nsalu. Mitengo yotere imakhala ndi spores ofanana.

Zomera zina zalembedwa mu Bukhu Loyera.

Psilotoid zomera

Mtundu uwu wa zomera wakhala ukukhala kwa zaka zambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu iwiri ya nthumwi za kutentha. Akhazikika, ofanana ndi rhizome. Koma alibe mizu yeniyeni. Ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchito imapezeka pa tsinde, ili ndi phloem, xylem. Koma madzi samagwera mu tsamba monga mapulogalamu a zomera.

Photosynthesis imachitika mu zimayambira, spores zomwe zimapanga nthambi zimakhala nthambi zazing'ono.

Fernate

Ndi zomera ziti zomwe zimatchedwa apamwamba? Izi zimaphatikizapo ferns zomwe zimalowa mkati. Iwo ndi amphaka komanso owopsa.

Maonekedwe a thupi la fern ndi awa:

• Chuck.
• Mapepala.
• Mizu ndi mphukira.

Masamba a fern amatchedwa vayami. Tsinde kawirikawiri ndi lalifupi, liri ndi minofu yopangidwa . Kuchokera pa masamba a rhizome amakula vayi. Amafika kukula kwakukulu, amachita sporulation, photosynthesis.

M'katikati mwa moyo, sporophyte ndi gametophyte ena. Pali ziphunzitso zina zomwe zimanena kuti ferns zinasintha kuchokera kuthengo. Ngakhale pali asayansi omwe amakhulupirira kuti zomera zambiri zapamwamba zachokera ku psilophytes.

Mitundu yambiri ya ferns ndi chakudya cha nyama, ndipo zina ndizoopsa. Ngakhale izi, zomera zotere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala.

Masitolo

Mitengo yapamwamba ikuphatikizapo horsetail. Zimakhala ndi zigawo ndi zigawo, zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi zomera zina za mitundu yoposa. Oimira Khvoshchevye amafanana ndi conifers, zomera ndi algae.

Awa ndi mtundu wa nyama zakutchire. Ali ndi zizindikiro zowonjezera zofanana ndi tirigu. Kutalika kwa zimayambira kungakhale masentimita angapo, ndipo nthawizina kumakula kufika mamita angapo.

Ma Gymnosperms

Ma Gymnosperms amasiyananso ndi zomera zapamwamba. Lero pali ena mwa iwo. Ngakhale izi, asayansi osiyanasiyana amanena kuti ma angiosperms amachokera ku gymnosperms. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zotsalira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapezeka. Maphunziro a DNA anachitidwa, pambuyo pake asayansi ena adapeza chiphunzitso chakuti mtundu uwu ndi gulu la monophyletic. Iwo adakali ogawidwa m'magulu ambiri ndi madipatimenti.

Angiosperms

Mitengo imeneyi imatchedwanso zomera. Iwo amatumizidwira ku mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri. Amasiyana ndi oimira ena mwa kukhalapo kwa duwa, lomwe limateteza kubereka. Zili ndi mbali yapadera - umuna wambiri.

Maluwawo amachititsa anthu opanga mavitamini. Makoma a ovary akukula, kusintha, amasanduka chipatso. Izi zimachitika pamene feteleza zachitika.

Choncho, pali zomera zosiyana. Zitsanzo za izo zikhoza kulembedwa kwa nthawi yaitali, koma zonsezi zidasokonezedwa ndi magulu ena.