Kufufuma poyera ndi anazunzidwa: tanthauzo Zitsanzo

Kufufuma - liwu lomwe tsopano mwamphamvu kulowa lotanthauzira osati kwa chuma, komanso anthu wamba. Ndipo otsiriza, izo chikugwirizana ndi mavuto awo onse ndi ndifotokoze mavuto. Kufufuma ndi lotseguka - pamene dzulo yekha injiniya Ivan akhoza kugula maluwa mkazi wake pa maholide, ndi lero ayi. Iye, monga kale, atayika pa ntchito ndipo umapeza malipiro omwewo, koma mitengo ananyamuka. Koma pali njira ina. Kumachitika pamene yogwira boma alowererepo pa chuma kuti tikhalebe mtengo. Pankhaniyi, zikuoneka kufufuma chobisika. Koma zotsatira nzofanana: anthu kumangitsa m'zikwama zawo, kapena, kapena kuti ntchito kwambiri mu chiyembekezo yosungira muyezo wakale wa amoyo. Izi chodabwitsa Mipikisano faceted, odziwika kwa anthu onse a m'dziko lathu, amene ali kwenikweni amakuwa kufufuma mu Russia kwa zaka, ndipo m'nkhani lero.

Lingaliro ndi chofunikira ake

Akukhulupirira kuti kufufuma adzatsegula, monga kwake ndi mitundu lake zobisika, anabwera pomwepo mkubwela kwa ndalama. golide muyezo anali apanga kukuletsa. Mtendere wa okhutira zitsulo a madola, franc, mapaundi, rubles ndi yen lalembedwa kuti lipereke atsogoleri ndi antchito wamba mapulano yaitali. Komabe, nkhondo dziko pang'onopang'ono lidaononga ubale ndi golide. Pambuyo chiyanjo cha dongosolo Jamaica ndalama mu 1971, zitsulo wokhutira ndi dollar otaika. Pakali pano, ndalama zonse za dziko tilibe ndi golide. Maboma Choncho mosatonthozeka kuonjezera ndalama mu makope, nchifukwa chake pali kufufuma ndi kukwera mitengo. Choncho miyeso kuthetsa panopa mavuto a zachuma a boma, ndi chifukwa cha tsoka, ndilo povuta kuti kuteteza.

Mawu akuti "kufufuma" zimayamba ku North America pa Civil nkhondo. Kale m'zaka za m'ma 19, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi asayansi a Great Britain ndi France. Komabe ambiri akuti chimenechi pambuyo First World nkhondo. Kufufuma anatchulidwa kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu makope ndalama pepala. zodabwitsazi silili nthawi yathu, komanso Russian Ufumu wa zaka 1769-1895, a United States -. Mu 1775-1783 biennium. ndi zaka 1861-1865, England -. m'zaka za m'ma 19, ndi French - mu 1789-1791, Germany -. mu 1923. Ngati inu kuyang'anitsitsa pa chilichonse zonsezi, n'zoonekeratu kuti zimayambitsa kufufuma lotseguka kawirikawiri akulimba yaikulu ndalama kugwirizana ndi nkhondo kapena kusintha. Koma lero zodabwitsazi zikuwoneka wamkulu. Asiya chikhalidwe nthawi, ndipo si vuto m'madera munthu ndipo dziko lonse aakulu. Choncho tanthauzo wakhala onse zambiri. Kufufuma ndi zovuta umoyo ndi zachuma chodabwitsa, amene amagwirizana ndi njira kusefukira kwa makope ndalama owonjezera zosowa za kufalitsidwa chofunika. Ndipo simungathe kuchepetsedwa kuwonjezeka kumodzi mitengo. Nkofunika kuti zimenezi chowawa kusintha chifukwa inflationary zinthu.

Njira kayesedwe

The vuto lalikulu potaya kufufuma ndi zambiri mitengo adzauka kwambiri m'goli. Komanso, pali gulu la katundu amene phindu samasintha konse. kuletsedwa kufufuma zambiri kuganizira malipoti zowerengera. Koma mavuto zokwanira ndi ziyenera a mitundu lotseguka zodabwitsazi. Pali akalozera osiyanasiyana omwe ntchito kuyeza kufufuma. Pakati pawo:

• Ogula mtengo index. Ndi ambiri amangoti ntchito chizindikiro. Izi zimathandiza amanena mtengo wa zofunika "mtanga" ya katundu ndi ntchito.
• Mtengo ritelo index. Pamene kuwerengetsa chizindikiro ichi ntchito deta pa 25 chakudya chofunika kwambiri.
• Mtengo wa index moyo. Chizindikiro zikusonyeza mphamvu yeniyeni ya ndalama banja.
• Momwenso mtengo index wa opanga.
• GNP deflator.

Chizindikiro, amene masamu pamaziko a akonzedwa zikutsatiridwa mankhwala otchedwa Laspeyres. vuto lake ndi kuti saganizira kotheka kusintha kapangidwe chofunika. Chizindikiro, amene masamu pa maziko a kusintha kuika amatchedwa Paasche index. vuto lake ndi kuti iye saganizira kuchepetsa zotheka zabwino. Pothetsa zolakwa za zizindikiro onsewa Fisher chilinganizo. index Ichi ndi wofanana ndi mankhwala a m'mbuyomu awiri. Popeza kufufuma lotseguka amakhala ndi kuwonjezeka mu mitengo, pali osiyana "ulamuliro wa ukulu 70" imene amatilola amati chiwerengero cha zaka asanayambe anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri.

Evolution maganizo

Pafupifupi aliyense wa sukulu zachuma zachitika maganizo ake pa vuto la kufufuma. Nthawi zambiri, kusiyana pogona mu zifukwa zodabwitsazi negative. Marxists ankakhulupirira kuti kufufuma lotseguka amakhala ndi ndondomeko mkhutu chikhalidwe cha ulimi pansi bizinesi, amene amasonyeza kupezeka mu munda wa ndalama owonjezera mowa banja. Malinga ndi iwo, vuto ndi ofanana ndi zotsutsana mkati mwa dongosolo chikhalidwe. Kufufuma ndi lotseguka kwa monetarist - kukula kwambiri mofulumira kusowa ndalama, amene sanathe kusamalira patsogolo chenicheni cha ulimi. Komabe, zotsatira zoipa zotheka kwa kanthawi kochepa. Ngati tikambirana yaitali akuti, ndalama ndi ndale mwamtheradi. Mu njira iyi amakana tenet zoyambirira za Keynesians kuti akhoza zonse kukhala ndi ndalama zina kukula zachuma chifukwa kufufuma. Kwa maziko a mfundo izi atengedwa Phillips limaoneka lokongola. Chimasonyeza ubale mwachindunji njila pakati pa ulova ndi kufufuma. Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti aliyense wa sukulu zachuma ali lingaliro yakeyake chodabwitsa pansi kulingalira. Komabe, iwo sali ankatsutsa, koma Kugwirizana ndi kupitiriza kwa wina ndi mzake.

zimayambitsa

Open kufufuma ikutanthauza kuti chuma pali mismatch pakati pa kufunika kwa ndalama ndi misa chofunika. kosiyana kumeneku kungachitike chifukwa cha kuchepekedwa bajeti, pa-ndalama, mofulumira kukula malipiro poyerekeza ndi msinkhu kupanga. Open Ochirikiza ingayambe ndi zinthu zonse kunja ndi mkati. Zoyambazo monga:

• Kandalama mavuto dziko amene anatsagana ndi kuwuka zopangira ndi mafuta mitengo.
• Bwino zoipa malipiro ndi bwino malonda.
• Kuwonjezeka nzeru ndalama national kwa mabanki akunja.

Zimayambitsa mkati mwa kufufuma monga:

• Hypertrophic chitukuko cha zomangamanga nkhondo ndi mafakitale ena katundu ndi kwanthawi kwambiri mu gawo ogula.
• Kuipa limagwirira zachuma. Gulu la zifukwa komanso ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti chifukwa vutoli ndalama ndi ndalama, ndi monopolization la anthu, popanda kuchuluka kwa malipilo chifukwa cha zinthu wolimba zilumikizano za malonda, "matanthauzo ake" a kufufuma ndi chiyembekezo kusalabadira kwa anthu.

Amatchulanso msonkho ndi zinthu zandale za kufufuma. Woyamba zokhudzana ndi milandu kwambiri ndi boma. zimayambitsa Political cha kufufuma chifukwa chakuti depreciation ndalama ndi opindulitsa kwa wokongolayo, kawirikawiri ndipo lobbied. Nthawi zambiri kufufuma pa nkhani iliyonse chifukwa cha kuphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kumadzulo kwa Ulaya pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, izo kugwirizana ndi kuchepekedwa kwa ambiri katundu, ndipo mu USSR - akanagwiritsa chitukuko cha chuma.

lotseguka kufufuma

Pali mitundu iwiri waukulu zodabwitsazi. Open kufufuma kumaonekera chuma msika. Ndi lingaliro zofunika kwambiri pa chuma cha mayiko ambiri. Zimagwirira monga lotseguka kufufuma ziyembekezo za anthu ndiponso ubale ndalama ndi mitengo. Chifukwa zodabwitsazi kale zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Kuonetsetsa mitundu ya kufufuma kofunyulura:

• Pang'ono (zokwawa). Iwo amakhala ndi kuwonjezeka ochepa mitengo. Zizindikiro za kufufuma lotseguka mu nkhani iyi pafupifupi wosaoneka. depreciation ndalama zikachitika, choncho zolimbitsa Kukwera kwa mitengo ndi 10-12% pa chaka, ngakhale nthawi zina ankaona opindulitsa kwa chuma.
• Akuthamanga kufufuma. fomu iyi limodzi ndi kulumpha mofulumira mitengo - 20 mpaka 200% pa chaka. Zilibe yotithandiza kupanga, ndipo amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka ulova ndi akuponya ndalama. Rosstat deta amasonyeza kuti ndi mtundu uwu anali ndi khalidwe la Chitaganya cha Russia cha mma 1990. Nkhani yofanana zachitika mu nthawi iyi, ndi m'mayiko ena a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya.
• Hyperinflation. Iwo limodzi ndi kuwuka mu mitengo zedi zakuthambo (200 1000% pa chaka, ndi zina zambiri). Ngati tikambirana mitundu yonse kufufuma lotseguka, ichi ndi owopsa. Choncho pali mapindikidwe a dera la kupanga dongosolo kufalitsidwa ndalama ndi ntchito. Chiwerengero amamuchititsa mwamsanga muchisiye ndalama ndi kugula iwo phindu lenileni. Anthu kulimbikitsa zotsutsana onse alipo chikhalidwe kukhala zotheka lalikulu mikangano yandale ndiponso nkhondo.

kuletsedwa kufufuma

Taonani view yachiwiri zodabwitsazi negative. Monga dziwani kuti zimenezi nthawi zambiri khalidwe la utsogoleri chafika chuma. Anamubisa kufufuma Zikuoneka kumene boma amagwira kumenyana kuwuka mu mitengo. Iwo akuyesera kuti amaundana pa mlingo zina. kukhwimitsa chifukwa kusowa mu msika. Ndipo limatisonyeza zochita kuonekeratu cholakwika cha boma. M'malo akulimbana ndi zinthu mkati, zinachititsa zinthu zoipa, iwo akuyesera kuthetsa zizindikiro. Choncho, mitsuko boma amaundana mitengo nthawi zonse kopanda pake m'tsogolo.

mitundu ina

Ngati ife umboni kwa onse zimene zimayambitsa kufufuma, tinganene kuti akhale imbalances mu ankafuna kapena okwanira. Pamene mgwirizano unakhazikitsidwa msika pali kuwuka mu mitengo. ankafuna kufufuma chifukwa cha ndalama okwanira owonjezera mu chuma. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ndalama ya anthu ndi mabizinesi akukulira mofulumira kwambiri, ndi mlingo wa kuwonjezeka zokolola sangathe kuchita nawo. Kufufuma bwana zokhudzana ndi ndalama kuchuluka kwa Makampani yotulutsa katundu. chifukwa wake ndi kuchuluka kwa malipiro mwadzina chifukwa cha ntchito ya mabungwe malonda ndi kukwera mphamvu ndi zopangira mitengo chifukwa cha zolakwa za mbewu ndi masoka achilengedwe.

Kuwonjezera mitundu imene ili, anali yekhayekha monga kufufuma yachibadwa. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ndi chinthu okhazikika, zomwe si zomveka kuti nkhondo. M'malo mwake, mu 3-5% mtengo kukula pa chaka - ndicho chinsinsi bwino ndiponso kukhazikika zachuma.

Kumbali ya malumikizanidwe kusintha zinthu msika m'misika yosiyanasiyana chofunika zimatulutsa mitundu iwiri ya kufufuma:

• Moyenera. Mu nkhani iyi, mitengo ya katundu osiyanasiyana sichinasinthe poyerekezera ndi mzake. Mtundu wa kufufuma si zoopsa bizinesi, chifukwa ntchito nthawi zonse mwayi kuwonjezera phindu msika wa malonda awo.
• Nesblansirovannaya. Pankhaniyi, mitengo magulu osiyana mankhwala akukulira omangidwa. Ndi zoopsa bizinesi. mtengo wa zipangizo ndi kuwuka mofulumira kuposa mtengo wa chomaliza mankhwala. Choncho pali chiopsezo cha imfa ya zokolola. Mu nkhani iyi, Sutha kulosera za m'tsogolo. Nde nthawi zina mosiyana kudziwa mitundu iwiri ya kufufuma, malingana ngati n'zotheka kulosera chiwonetsero cha njira imeneyi nthawi zina m'tsogolo.

zotsatira zoipa

Anapeza kuti mlingo yachibadwa kufufuma kwa 3-5% ndi ubwino pa chitukuko cha chuma msika. Komabe, potuluka kulamulira, kumakhaladi chifukwa zingapo zodabwitsa negative. Tiyeni tione ena mwa iwo:

• Kufufuma kumawonjezera zosiyanasiyana zokhudza anthu a boma. Amachepetsa mwayi ntchito ndi ndalama. Anthu amakonda lichotse ndalama (kwambiri madzi mawonekedwe a chuma), kugula mfundo zenizeni. Ndipo nkhani ya sheya sikuti kuthandiza mwanjira ina kusiya zodabwitsazi.
• Kufufuma amachepetsa mphamvu ofukula ndi yopingasa. The kusalankhula umuna ndalama zizindikiro kuthetsa mavuto mwamsanga kuyambitsa kukula kusakhutira a anthu ndi matupi boma ndi kuchepetsa kudalira iwo.

Komanso zotsatira zoipa kufufuma monga:

• Khumudwa dongosolo ndalama.
• Kupanga mavuto mu gawo ndalama.
• The zolaula ndi zobisika chiopsezo mtengo.
• Kufalikira mofulumira katundu tsintho.
• Low kukumana kufunika kwa anthu.
• Yafupika ndalama chifukwa riskiness ntchito izi.
• Kusintha kapangidwe ka ndalama ndi madera.
• Kuchepa miyezo ya moyo.

mfundo antiinflationary

mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kufufuma kutsogolera chakuti maboma ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa mlingo wa matupi boma polimbana zodabwitsazi. mfundo Anti-kufufuma zikuphatikizapo ya olimba, ndalama ndi miyeso zachuma. Zochitika zenizeni amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito limagwirira limodzi kusamvana. Malinga ndi mfundo OECD kugonjetsa kufufuma ayenera kuganizira njira multivariate. Kuonetsetsa njira mwachindunji kapena kudzera m'njira zina kulimbana zodabwitsazi negative. Zoyambazo monga:

• Yogawa cha ngongole ndi akuluakulu dziko.
• State lamulo la mitengo.
• Kukhazikitsa malire a malipilo.
• Lamulo la malonda akunja ndi akuluakulu dziko.
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mlingo kuwombola pa mlingo boma.

njira zotsalira za kulimbana kufufuma monga miyezo zotsatirazi:

• Lamulo banknotes umuna.
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiwongola dzanja mabanki malonda.
• Lamulo nkhokwe kuvomerezedwa ndalama.
• ntchito Open msika wa masheya imene Bank wa Central.

Kusankha miyeso ikuchitika mchikakamizo cha zinthu ambiri a zachuma. Pali zinthu zitatu zikuluzikulu: ndimapeza malamulo, kukondoweza kwa okwanira ndi lamulo la kufalitsidwa ndalama.

zenizeni zoweta

Russian mtundu wa kufufuma n'chosiyana kwambiri ndi anzawo yachilendo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti inakhalapo mu kusintha kwa lamulo kuti kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma ndi mlingo mkulu wa kusintha mtengo. Rosstat deta amati zimayambitsa zotsatirazi kufufuma:

• imbalances kandalama pakati makampani chitetezo ndi mafakitale ena. njira zonse chuma si kukumana mfundo choncho ayenera kukhala nthawi kusintha.
• Mkulu monopolization wa chuma. Makampani akuluakulu okha kudziwa mlingo mtengo kuti si zogwirizana ndi zenizeni chuma msika.
• The nkhondo ya chuma, khamu lalikulu, mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko cha asilikali mafakitale zovuta. Izi walenga kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kufunika kwa katundu wa ogula omwe akufunika kuti anthu, ndi nsembe leni mankhwala.
• The lonse yaikulu kwambiri boma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti imports ku Russia akhoza kulenga chilengedwe mpikisano.

Ngati inu muyang'ana, kodi pali kufufuma mu Russia kwa zaka (anapatsidwa mbiri ya USSR), pachimake yoyamba m'mbiri yamakono zinachitika mu First World nkhondo, ndi zotsatira nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi gawo loyamba la NEP. Ndalama kupezeka mu nthawi kuyambira mu 1914 mpaka 1917 chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 84. Ichi chinali chifukwa ndalama yaikulu asilikali. Kuyambira 1917 mpaka 1923 ndalama okwanira mu makope chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 200 zikwi. Gawo lachiwiri la kufufuma wagwa kwa nyengo ya Soviet - nthawi ya prewar mapulani zaka zisanu ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Gawo lachitatu zinachitika kugwa kwa USSR - mu 1992-1996.

Monga lero, kufufuma ndi vuto lonse, limene likuthandiza onse a dziko. Iwo amayamba ndi imbalances mu chitukuko cha ulimi chikhalidwe. kufufuma n'koopsa osati kuti kumabweretsa kuchepetsa miyezo ya moyo, komanso kuti Zimalepheretsa mphamvu zonse chuma. Mu ziriri pano, zodabwitsazi watha kukhala episodic mu chirengedwe, ndipo inasanduka matenda a chitukuko aakulu. Koma Russia, kufufuma amayamba ndi underinvestment, kuti ndi khama cholakwika kwa Utumiki wa Finance ndi Bank wa Central. Kuthana nazo mu zenizeni zoweta kufunika kukhalabe anapanga, ndipo muwuzeni molimbira kulamulira mitengo. Kufotokoza, tikhoza kunena kuti mu kufufuma yachibadwa si zoipa, koma zokolola za zodabwitsazi kulamulira chingayambitse yaikulu kungasokoneze.