Kukula dera mabanki. International ndi dera chitukuko mabanki

Kuyambira mavuto azachuma zochepa zinakhudzanso m'madera ndi digiri yapamwamba ya kusakanikirana ndi kugawana chuma. Pa msika popanda malire mkati imene ufulu kayendedwe ka katundu, chuma, likulu, ogwira ntchito, pali yabwino ndalama nyengo ndi mavuto mapangidwe opanga wamphamvu. Zikatero, izo kumawonjezera kufunika kwa dongosolo lina ndalama - mabanki dera.

tsogolo

mabanki chitukuko Regional analengedwa ndi nawo dziko. Iwo ndi malo bwino ntchito yothandizana kusakanikirana boma mu dera ndi anthu onse maka- kuthandiza asapita malonda yachilendo, kupereka ngongole kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe. Mwachitsanzo, thandizo operekedwa ndi European Bank Investment mu 2010, Hungary, Iceland, Greece, Latvia, wathandiza ziziyenda mmene chuma chikuyendera ndi ndalama maiko. Regional chitukuko mabanki chopereka kwambiri kukula tonse mayiko membala kuthandiza kuthetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha mavuto a zachuma. Izi zikachitika, udindo wa yapakati boma mabungwe a zachuma. Tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane magawo mgwirizano wawo.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

Mfundo kuyambira angatchedwe nthawi kuchira zachuma pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mu 1949 mu Moscow atsogoleri a Hungary, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, ndi USSR ndi Czechoslovakia anaganiza anautsa Council kwa nonse Thandizo Economic (CMEA). Cholinga - kupereka ndalama za sayansi ndi luso mgwirizano, pothandiza kukhazikitsa ntchito olowa. Mu zaka wotsatira, anakumana ndi German Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Yugoslavia ndi Cuba. Ndi m'ma 70s wa CMEA anakhalabe kugona ndi pa makumi atatu mabungwe lonse.

zikayenda

Ngakhale pa siteji ya mapangidwe ubale bungwe kupeza anthu a m'mayikowo mu mafuta, zipangizo ndi makina ntchito limodzi kukhazikitsa ntchito yomanga yaikulu payipi mafuta "Druzhba", umene ntchito kunyamula zipangizo mu Hungary, Poland ndi Czechoslovakia. Mu theka lachiwiri la 60s analengedwa Intermetal Park ngolo. Kudzera mgwirizano CMEA kudula malonda pakati pa maiko awiri, unachitikira kumanga mapulani kasamalidwe, ogwira ntchito njira za mgwirizano.

Hungary kupereka adani mabasi GDR - zovala, Poland - zodzoladzola, mankhwala, Czechoslovakia - magetsi, Cuba - shuga, Romania - mipando. Katundu anali umasinthanitsidwa mafuta wotchipa, gasi, zitsulo, ntchito ya zomangamanga, kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi chitetezo mafakitale makina. Pambuyo yanyumba ya USSR, nyumba imeneyi nayenso unatha. Koma lero ntchito mabungwe ena ofanana.

Bank Development Asian Regional

ADB unakhazikitsidwa mu 1966 Bungwe Economic ndi Social kwa Asia ndi Pacific. Organization Zolinga:

• kulimbikitsa chitukuko m'mbuyo Asia ndi Far East;
• patsogolo akazi anthu;
• kupereka Member ntchito chuma States.

Bank Regional kwa kumanganso ndiponso Development ku Asia amapereka:

• ngongole kwa kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito za chuma ndi chikhalidwe;
• thandizo luso pokonza mapulogalamu;
• ngongole kwa makampani a boma ndi ena chitukuko;
• Iwo amathandizanso pa mgwirizano mapulani ndi zolinga.

Pa Union tsopano ali m'mayiko membala 56. Kapangidwe ka gulu imakhala mbali zitatu za boma;

• pulezidenti;
• ndi bodi;
• atsogoleri.

ndalama monga gawo likulu, ndalama malo, ngongole kwa ndalama zapadera analengedwera kukongoza concessional. Bank Development Regional akugwira ntchito m'magulu onse a chuma. Koma kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa ulimi, misika likulu, mphamvu zoyendera ndi aya.

The yapakati-American Bank Development

Pofuna kuthandiza chitukuko cha m'mayiko Latin American mu 1959 izo analengedwa ndi IDB. Malangizo a gulu:

• Kukwezeleza ndalama ku Latin America;
• akutsogolera zinthu zonse zilipo kuti ndalama zomangira zachuma;
• Kukwezeleza ndalama;
• kuthandiza patsogolo yachilendo ndondomeko malonda a ophunzira;
• Dongosolo la thandizo luso mu kukhazikitsa ndondomeko.

IDB ali anthu oposa 48. Kapangidwe ka gulu ili:

• atsogoleri Committee;
• ndi bodi;
• utsogoleli;
• Pulezidenti;
• m'madipatimenti.

ndalama monga muzimvetsera, likulu malo, ndalama kukhulupirira concessional kukongoza. Ambiri mwa chuma pa pepala alipo mu mawonekedwe a ndalama, sipangakhalenso ankati, kapena zitsimikizo za zimachitika mu msika. Bank ntchito kuphimba m'magulu onse a chuma, koma kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa ulimi ndi nsomba, mafakitale yothandiza, mapulani, kukonza ndi chuma.

Kuwonjezera pa IDB ku Latin America ukugwirira ntchito ngati yapakati-American Investment Corporation, CDB, ku Central America Economic Kusakanikirana kukongoza bungwe.

Msika zoweta

Bank ku Central amati pakati pa "Thanzi" ndi kukula kwa mphika palibe kugwirizana. Kukula dera mabanki komanso mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa boma. Iwo waphindu ndi bwino kudziwa limatchula za malonda ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe. ntchito Last zimadalira kupezeka ngongole m'munda. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, makampani kuti ntchito m'dera ndi dongosolo bwino anayamba ndalama, kuwonjezera liwiro ndi 67% mofulumira kuposa makampani dziko lonse.

Mu Russia, mabungwe awa wotchuka kwambiri pakati makasitomala. Amalonda mu Urals, Siberia ndi Far East onse sangathe kulandira likulu yobwereka. Iwo ndi kutsatira lalikulu mabungwe ngongole. Regional chitukuko mabanki ayenera kukhala abwenzi kwa amalonda amenewa. Large mabungwe ngongole makasitomala amenewa chidwi kwambiri. Boma bungwe kupanga zisankho ndondomeko pa nkhani ya ndalama anabwereka akhoza anachedwa kwa miyezi ingapo. Ndi bwino kulankhula ndi Regional Regional Bank Development. mabungwe Guide ali bwino limatchula za malonda. Mwina zochita zabwino pamwamba.

Nthambi - osati banki

Mabungwe lalikulu ngongole, ndithudi, pali nthambi kumadera akutali a m'dzikolo. Koma kawirikawiri alibe chodzidalira ndi ntchito zokhazo ntchito luso pa mndandanda wa mapepala. Chigamulo opangidwa ndi utsogoleri mu Moscow, kumene kungakhale sadziwa zenizeni za dera ndi malonda. mabanki Large amakonda kupewa makasitomala kovuta. Ndipo pafupifupi onse mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono amafuna munthu njira. mfundo Regional okonzeka kulowa mu maonekedwe a malonda ndi kungakhale njira m'munda wa ntchito banki kuti mabizinezi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe.

kuchepetsa

Pa June 1, 2014 opareshoni 888 mabanki ku Russia. Ichi ndithu zosakwana ku Germany (1.8 ths.) Ndipo US (kuposa 5,8 zikwi.). Mlingo wa ntchito ngongole ku Russia - 0,6. Ndiko kuti, munthu ali ngongole zosakwana ina mu dziko. Mu US, chithunzi ndi 2, komanso mu EU - 1.8. Vuto lina kapena, yeniyeni, mbali ya nthawi - mabungwe onse akuluakulu ndi mabungwe a boma. Sberbank, VTB (24), ndipo Gazprom Rosselhoz kutumikira koposa 53,8% ya anthu. Pa zaka otsiriza 5 chawonjezeka kwambiri chiwerengero cha mfundo ngongole ku Moscow: kuchokera 15,4% 22%. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mabizinesi kuti umalimbikitsa mabungwe matauni ili ndi udindo omasuka poyerekeza ndi mabungwe ku Siberia ndi Far East.

ndalama

Kukula kwa zopezera dera la banki chimachirikiza kukula chuma m'deralo. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu ku Russia. Mu Siberia, pali 258 mabanki ndi nthambi mu East, ndipo ngakhale zochepa - 118. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti zambirimbiri unatha mu zaka zapitazi 10. No County ena akhoza kudzitama kanjedza amenewa. Alipo chitukuko mabanki dera anawagawira ang'onoang'ono. Iwo sangathe kupereka bungwe ndi zinthu zofunikira. Chifukwa, mlingo wa GDP mu zigawo izi ndi kawiri zosakwana mu Moscow. Ndipo anthu angapereke yekha osiyanasiyana ka ntchito. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi ndemanga.

Bank Development Regional Akuti monga chiŵerengero likulu ndi pazipita kuchuluka kwa ngongole. Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia pali 140 mabungwe amene angapereke kasitomala ngongole kuchuluka kwa rubles 1 biliyoni. Wa mayunitsi 37 zili Moscow, 6 - mu Siberia (Tyumen, Novosibirsk) ndi 3 - ku Far East. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mabizinesi amakakamizidwa m'maboma lakutali kuti ndilembe ngongole dongosolo lalikulu likulu, kapena a "Development Bank Regional".

zinthu kunja

Regional mabungwe ngongole ayenera kukhala. Izi akhoza ziziyenda banki chapakati, capitalized gulu laling'ono. Mukhozanso kulenga mawonekedwe phwandolo zimene ganizilani zinthu pa aligorivimu ndi chosiyana ndi chomwe ntchito nyumba yaikulu. Tsopano mabanki yaing'ono thandizo miyeso wapadera si pa mlingo boma kapena Bank wa Central. Koma ngati makonsolo kulabadira nkhani imeneyi, chiwerengero cha mabanki mosatsata ziphatso mu dera ndi zochepa kwambiri. Koma ngakhale ngati ndipo pali, iwo limodzi ndi zoipa mokweza, nkhani pa TV ndipo anayamba mantha. Nkhani yofanana chinachitika mu 2013, pamene chilolezo ataya mabanki chitukuko dera. Miyala ya makasitomala akadali sanabwerere izo. Mu zaka ziwiri zapitazi, Bank ku Central lakana ndi ziphatso wa 62 mabungwe ngongole. ziwerengero otere kwambiri. Ngati zinthu sasintha, ndiye patapita zaka 5 gawo banki adzatsala m'manja lalikulu mabungwe a zachuma boma akumeneko.

Pomaliza

Economic ndi chikhalidwe chitukuko cha deralo kumadalira luso pofuna kukopa anthu amalonda ndi ndalama m'dera banki. Okwana pali 888 Russian mabungwe ngongole. Ndipo iwo anamwazikana kudutsa dziko ndi m'goli. Chifukwa, amalonda ku Siberia ndi Far East kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse zotheka misonkhano mabungwe ngongole. Zimawathandiza kuti kupita yaikulu mzinda kapena dera mabanki chitukuko. Mavoti ikuchitika mu 2014 anasonyeza kuti waukulu wa mabungwe mwapadera mawu a chilungamo (Russia, MDM, AK Mabala) wambiri St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk ndi Kazan.