Kulemala: i gulu ndi digiri ya olumala. Tanthauzo la kulumala

Kuwona pamsewu munthu ali pa njinga ya olumala kapena amayi ali ndi chisoni, ndikuyesera kumusangalatsa mosiyana ndi mwana aliyense, timayesa kuyang'ana kutali ndikunyalanyaza kwathunthu vutoli. Ndipo kodi nkulondola? Ndi anthu angati omwe amaganiza kuti moyo sungadziŵikire, ndipo panthawi iliyonse mavuto angafikire mmodzi wa ife kapena okondedwa athu? Yankho likhoza kukhala loipa. Koma chenicheni ndi nkhanza, ndipo anthu wathanzi lerolino akhoza kukhala olumala. Choncho, mwina zingakhale bwino kuyang'ana mayankho a mafunso omwe ali ndi anthu olumala, ndi magulu angati olemala omwe alipo, omwe amawaika?

Odwala amafunika kuyang'aniridwa ndi kuthandizidwa nthawi zonse ndi anthu ena. Amafuna chikondi, caress ndi kusamalira kuposa ena. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ambiri mwa iwo salola kulekerera, ndipo amafuna kuti iwo awonedwe mofanana.

Pakalipano, chiŵerengero chowonjezeka cha anthu oterewa akuyesera kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi, ntchito, kuyendera zosangalatsa, kumasuka pa malo odyera, ndi zina zotero. Kulankhulana nawo, munthu ayenera kusamala kuti asamangoganizira za matenda awo.

Mfundo zazikulu ndi malingaliro awo

Mawu akuti "kulemala" ali ndi mizu ya Chilatini ndipo amachokera ku mawu akuti invalidus, omwe potanthauzira amatanthawuza "ofooka," "ofooka." Lingaliro limeneli limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene kuli koyenera kufotokoza umunthu kapena maganizo a munthu amene, chifukwa cha zinazake, amakhala kosatha kapena kwa nthawi yayitali kapena yopanda mphamvu. Izi, zimatanthauzanso kuchepa komwe kunabwera chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa chilema (congenital or acquired). Wokhulupirika, nayenso, kapena momwe umatchedwanso kuphwanya, ndiko kutayika kapena kupotoka ku chizoloŵezi cha ntchito iliyonse ya thupi.

Ponena za "osachiritsika," kwenikweni amatanthawuza "osagwiritsidwa ntchito". Dzina la munthu amene akudwala matenda, matenda osakaniza kapena ofunika a ntchito zosiyanasiyana kapena machitidwe a thupi lomwe ndi zotsatira za matenda kapena zotsatira za kuvulala. Chotsatira chake, mungathe kuyankhula za kuchepa kwa ntchito, yomwe ili ndi kutaya kwathunthu kapena pang'ono mwa mwayi wodzisamalira, kusunthira popanda thandizo, kukambirana ndi ena, kufotokozera malingaliro awo momveka bwino, kudziyendetsa mu malo, kuwongolera zochita, kukhala ndi udindo pazochita, Ntchito.

Zolinga za magulu olemala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri omwe amapanga luso la zachipatala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti adziwe momwe chiwerengero cha kulekanitsidwa kwa luso la munthu chimakhazikitsidwa.

Mu ndondomeko yowonongeka ya malingaliro, tanthauzo la mawu oti "kukonzanso anthu olumala" akuyeneranso kufotokozedwa. Ndi dongosolo ndipo panthawi imodzimodzi ndondomeko-site-yotsimikiziranso kubwezeretsa wina kapena mzake mwa luso la munthu, popanda zomwe ntchito zake za tsiku ndi tsiku, zachikhalidwe, komanso zothandizira sizingatheke.

Magulu olumala: magawo ndi chidule

Kulemala ndi vuto limene limakhudza munthu aliyense pa Dziko lapansi mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji. Ndicho chifukwa chake si chinsinsi kwa aliyense kuti pali magulu atatu olemala, zomwe zimadalira momwe ntchito zina kapena ziwalo za thupi zimaphwanyidwira, komanso momwe ntchito yofunikira ya munthuyo ilili yochepa.

Nzika ingadziŵike ngati yopanda mphamvu pokhapokha pamapeto a luso la zachipatala ndi chikhalidwe. Amembala okhawo ali ndi ufulu wosankha zokhutira, kapena, pa kukana kwa munthu kuti amupatse gulu la olumala. Malemba, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a gulu la akatswiri, amadziŵa kuti ndi ntchito yotani yomwe thupi linakhudzidwa ndi matenda, kuvulala, ndi zina zotero. Zoperewera (kuphwanya) ntchito zimakhala zogawidwa motere:

• Zovuta zomwe zimakhudza ntchito za thupi (motor) ntchito za thupi;
• Zovuta zokhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake, kagayidwe ka maselo, kusungunula mkati, kupuma, kupuma;
• Kulephera kugwira ntchito;
• Zolakwika za m'maganizo.

Ufulu wouza anthu nzika zachipatala ndi zamakhalidwe abwino ndizo chipatala chomwe amachiwona, kwa yemwe ali ndi udindo wopereka ndalama (Pension Fund), ndi thupi lomwe limapereka chitetezo cha chitetezo cha anthu. Komanso, nzika zomwe adalandira kutumiza kukayezetsa, ziyenera kukonzekera malemba awa:

1. Kutumiza kumene kunatulutsidwa ndi imodzi mwa matchulidwe ovomerezedwa pamwambapa. Lili ndi zofunikira zonse zokhudzana ndi thanzi laumunthu komanso kukula kwa thupi.
2. Lamulo lolembedwa mwachindunji ndi munthuyo kuti afufuzedwe, kapena ndi woimira wakeyo.
3. Malemba omwe ali umboni wa kuphwanya kwa thanzi la wodwalayo. Izi zikhoza kuthetsa epicrisis, zotsatira za kufufuza kwapadera, ndi zina zotero.

Pali magulu atatu olemala. Mndandanda wa kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa ntchito za thupi laumunthu, komanso kuvomereza kwake kumakhala ngati zifukwa zowunikira kuti magulu awa ndi oyenerera kwa munthu wotchulidwa. Pambuyo pofufuza ndi kukambirana zikalata zomwe nzikayo imapereka, akatswiri amatha kusankha ngati akumudziwa ngati wosalowera kapena ayi. Pamaso pa mamembala onse a komitiyi, chigamulochi chikulengezedwa kwa munthu yemwe adziwa luso la zachipatala ndi zaumunthu, ndipo, ngati izi zikusowa, zifotokozedwe zonse zoyenera zimaperekedwa.

Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti ngati munthu wapatsidwa gulu loyamba laumalempha, kubwerezanso kuyambiranso kamodzi pa zaka ziwiri. Chaka chilichonse, kuyambiranso kubwereza anthu omwe ali ndi gulu lachiwiri ndi lachitatu lapangidwa.

Chosiyana ndi gulu losatha lachilema. Amene alandira akhoza kuyambiranso kubwereza nthawi iliyonse ya ufulu wawo wosankha. Kuti achite izi, akufunikira kukhazikitsa ntchito yoyenera ndi kuzipereka kwa akuluakulu oyenerera.

Mndandanda wa zifukwa

Nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva kuti munthu wina amadziwika ndi gulu lolemala chifukwa cha matenda omwe ali nawo. Ndi ichi, chirichonse chiri chosavuta kwambiri. Komabe, sikungapweteke kudziwa kuti pali zifukwa zina zowonjezera izi, zomwe zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

• Zovulala zomwe munthu amalandira kuntchito, komanso matenda ena ;
• Kulemala kuyambira ubwana: kubala zobadwa;
• Kulemala chifukwa cha kuvulazidwa m'zaka za Nkhondo Yachikondi;
• Matenda ndi kuvulala zinapitilira panthawi ya usilikali;
• Kulemala komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi tsoka la Chernobyl;
• Zifukwa zina zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la Russian Federation.

Kulemala kwa gulu loyamba

Ponena za momwe moyo waumunthu umakhalira, malingaliro ovuta kwambiri ndi gulu loyamba la olumala. Amapatsidwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zovuta zedi m'kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kayendedwe kamodzi kapena kawiri ka thupi. Ndilo vuto lalikulu, matenda kapena chilema, chifukwa chimene munthu sangathe kudzitumikira yekha. Ngakhale pazochitika zoyambirira, ayenera kuti apatsidwe thandizo linalake.

Kulemala kwa gulu 1 kumakhazikitsidwa:

• Anthu omwe amalephera kusintha (kosatha kapena kanthawi) ndipo amafunikira chisamaliro chosamalidwa (chisamaliro, chithandizo) kuchokera kwa anthu ena.
• Anthu omwe, ngakhale kuti akuvutika ndi kuwonongeka kwa ntchito zomangamanga, amagwirabe ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ziyenera kuzindikiranso kuti angathe kugwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati zakhala zikukonzedweratu paokha: ma workshop apadera, ntchito zomwe angathe kuchita popanda kusiya nyumba zawo, ndi zina zotero.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ziyenera kuzindikiranso kuti pali njira zina zowunikira gulu lolemala. Pofuna kukhazikitsa gulu loyamba, izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Kupanda ntchito yodzikonda;
• Kulephera kusuntha yekha;
• Kutaya maluso otsogolera mu malo (chisokonezo);
• Kulephera kulankhula ndi anthu;
• Kulephera kulamulira khalidwe lanu ndikukhala ndi udindo pazochitika.

Kodi matendawa ndi chilema cha gulu loyamba lomwe linakhazikitsidwa?

Kuti timvetse chifukwa chake anthu ena amatha kupeza udindo wa munthu wolemala, ndipo ena amakanidwa, sikokwanira kulembetsa ndondomeko zotchulidwa pamwambazi kuti athe kukhazikitsa gulu lolemala. Omwe amagwira ntchito ya zachipatala ndi zaumphawi amalingalira zifukwa zina ndi zina. Mwachitsanzo, popanda kusamala, wina sangasiye mndandanda wa matenda omwe munthu wapatsidwa kufooka kwa gulu 1. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Chizoloŵezi choopsa cha chifuwa chachikulu cha TB, chomwe chiri mu siteji ya malipiro;
• Chotupa chosawonongeka chosachiritsika;
• Matenda aakulu omwe matenda a mtima amakhudzidwa, kuphatikizapo kupunduka kwapakati kwa digiri yachitatu;
• Kufooka kwa miyendo;
• Hemiplegia kapena kutchulidwa apasia wa ubongo;
• Schizophrenia ali ndi matenda akuluakulu komanso otha msinkhu komanso matenda a catatonic;
• Matenda a khunyu, omwe amatha kugwidwa kawirikawiri ndi kuzindikira nthawi zonse;
• Dementia ndipo, panthawi imodzimodzi, kusowa kwa maganizo ovuta a matenda;
• Ziphuphu za manja apamwamba (mwachitsanzo, kuthetsa kusowa kwa zala ndi zina zowonongeka kwakukulu);
• Zikwangwani;
• Kuwona khungu kwathunthu, ndi zina zotero.

Nzika zonse zomwe zidzapereke zikalata zachipatala kwa mamembala a komitiyo zotsimikizira kuti ali ndi matendawa omwe adzapatsidwa chilema cha gulu loyamba. Apo ayi, izi zidzakanidwa.

Nanga bwanji gulu lachiwiri la olumala?

Gulu lachiwiri la olumala laperekedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi thupi lomwe matenda aakulu amagwira ntchito, omwe ndi zotsatira za matenda, zoopsa kapena congenital malformation. Chotsatira chake, moyo wa munthu uli wochepa, koma kuthekera kwodziyang'anira nokha ndi kusagwiritsa ntchito kuthandizira kuchokera kunja kumakhalabe.

Gulu lachiwiri lolema likhazikitsidwa ngati umboni wotsatira ulipo:

• Kukhoza kumadzichitira nokha pogwiritsa ntchito zithandizo zosiyanasiyana kapena thandizo laling'ono la chipani chachitatu;
• Kukhoza kusuntha pogwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kapena pothandizidwa ndi anthu apakati;
• Zosatheka kugwira ntchito kapena ntchito zogwira ntchito, pokhapokha ngati zinthu zapadera zimapangidwira izi, njira zowonjezera zimaperekedwa, malo apadera ali ndi zida;
• Kulephera kulandira maphunziro m'mabungwe ambiri a maphunziro, koma kulandila kuphunzila zamaphunziro kudzera m'mapulogalamu apadera ndi malo apadera;
• Kupezeka kwa luso la kulongosola mu nthawi ndi nthawi;
• Mphamvu yolankhulana, koma pogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zapadera;
• Kukhoza kuyendetsa khalidwe la munthu, koma ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu ena.

Ndi matenda ati omwe ali olemala a gulu lachiwiri atakhazikitsidwa?

Kulemala kwa gulu lachiwiri kumakhazikitsidwa ngati munthu akudwala chimodzi mwa zotsatirazi:

• Zipangizo za valvular za mtima kapena myocardium ndi chiwerengero cha II-III cha kusokonezeka kwazungulira zimakhudzidwa;
• Kuchuluka kwachiwopsezo chachiwiri, chomwe chimapitabe mofulumira ndipo chimatsagana ndi zovuta zowonongeka;
• Chifuwa chachikulu chotchedwa Fibro-cavernous;
• Kuperewera kwa cirrhosis ndi kuchepa kwa mtima;
• Matenda a ubongo wa ubongo wa mawonekedwe aakulu ndi otchulidwa otsika mu msinkhu wa nzeru;
• Matendawa ndi matenda ena opatsirana komanso osapatsirana a ubongo, chifukwa cha chitukuko chimene maonekedwe, chovala ndi magalimoto amagwira ntchito zamoyo zimasokonezeka;
• Matenda ndi kuvulala kwa msana wamtsempha, chifukwa cha miyendo yomwe ilibe mphamvu;
• Kupwetekedwa mtima kwapadera ndi kusakwanira;
• Pambuyo pochita opaleshoni zofunikira kuti muchotse zilonda zam'mimba mmimba, mapapo ndi ziwalo zina;
• Matenda a zilonda zam'mimba ndi kusowa kwa njala;
• Matenda a khunyu pamodzi ndi kufooka kwafupipafupi;
• Kutchulidwa kwa ntchafu;
• Chitsa cha ntchafu ndi kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa gait, ndi zina zotero.

Kufotokozera mwachidule gulu lachitatu la kulemala

Gulu lachitatu la olumala limakhazikitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuthekera kwa munthu kugwira ntchito chifukwa cha kusokonezeka pakagwiritsidwe ntchito kachitidwe ndi ntchito za thupi, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda aakulu, komanso zofooka zambiri zamatomu. Gulu ili lapatsidwa:

1. Anthu omwe, chifukwa cha kufooka kwa thanzi lawo, akusowa kwambiri kuti asamukire kuntchito, zomwe zimafuna luso laling'ono ndi ntchito zochepa. Mwachitsanzo:
   
   ● Chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi vuto la I-II, lomwe silingakwanitse kugwira ntchito zake. Komabe, akhoza kutenga malo osonkhanitsira zinthu zing'onozing'ono.
   ● Spinner, yemwe ali ndi zala 2, 3 ndi 4 za dzanja amachotsedwa, amafunika kupita ku malo a wopanga nsapato.
   ● Mlonda wamtundu wapamwamba, yemwe akudwala matenda a chiwopsezo chachikulu cha II, akufunikira kupita ku malo a wogawira zida.
   ● Wogwira ntchito m'migodi amene amadziwika kuti "silicosis" amafunikira malo kunja kwa mgodi kapena kubwezeretsa.
   
   
2. Anthu omwe, chifukwa cha thanzi lawo, amafunika kusintha makasitomala kuntchito popanda kusintha ntchito yawo. Izi zimafunikanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi kuchepetsa luso. Mwachitsanzo:
   
   ● Wolemba mabuku wamkulu wa trust, yemwe anapezeka ndi matenda a atherosclerosis, omwe ali ndi ubongo, kusaganizira, ndi zina zotero, amafunika kusamutsidwa ku dipatimenti ina ya bungwe, koma posungidwa.
   ● Weaver, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito makina ambiri, omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda a shuga, ayenera kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha makina omwe ali ndi udindo wake.
   
   
3. Anthu olemala kuchita ntchito zomwe sadziwa bwino kapena omwe sanayambe atagwiritsidwa ntchito kale.
   
   
4. Mwa zina, gulu lachitatu la olumala lapatsidwa kwa anthu mosasamala mtundu uliwonse wa ntchito zomwe iwo akuchita, malinga ngati ali ndi zilema zamatomu ndi zofooka, ndipo sangathe kuchita ntchito yawo yaumisiri.

Magulu olemala malingana ndi kukula kwa ntchito

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zowunikira za umoyo waumunthu, malinga ndi magulu omwe ali ndi zilema. Kulongosola kwa zifukwa izi ndizofunika zawo zimayikidwa muzochita zalamulo. Kumbukirani kuti pakalipano pali magulu atatu, omwe ali ndi zigawo zake.

Tanthauzo la chilema kuti ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kwa wodwalayo, ndi udindo mwachindunji mamembala a akatswiri a zachipatala ndi chikhalidwe. Komabe, munthu ayenera kuona chakuti ITU komanso Mzimuyo mlingo wa kulemala munthu wolumala.

digiri yoyamba kumapereka lingaliro kuti munthu ali wokhoza kuchita ntchito ntchito, malinga Choyenereza adzakhala yafupika, ndi ntchito sikutanthauza zolowa kwambiri mphamvu. The limati chachiwiri chimene munthu angachite ntchito, koma izi ziyenera kulenga zinthu mwapadera ndi kupereka luso assistive. Anthu amene madigiri amenewa chilema anakhazikitsa kagulu ntchito anatsimikiza.

Mosiyana ndi awiri, mlingo chachitatu cha kupunduka zikutanthauza kuti n'zosatheka kuchita ntchito ntchito. Anthu amene ITU anatumizidwa anati digiri anapereka chilema chidude.

Gulu la "ana olumala"

Mu gulu la ana olumala monga ana ndi achinyamata amene alibe atapeza zaka khumi ndi amene sangachite yokulirapo ya moyo chifukwa cha zomwe muli matenda kakulidwe, amalephera kulankhula, kuphunzira, kulamulira khalidwe lawo, ambulation ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito m'tsogolo. Pomaliza, ndi ITU mwana olumala monga ulamuliro, Kwalamulidwa chiwerengero cha ayamikira:

• chokhalitsa kapena zosakhalitsa Kusinthaku mabungwe wapadera kwa ana amenewa;
• kuphunzira munthu;
• kupereka mwana (ngati n'koyenera) wa zipangizo zina zapadera ndi othandiza kuonetsetsa wabwinobwino;
• kupereka spa chithandizo (anasonyeza mbiri ya chipatala chaching'ono ndi kutalika kwa muyaya);
• Limafotokoza ya miyeso zofunika konzanso ndi ena.