Kulowerera ndi chiyani? mitundu kutengeka

Panopa, tanthauzo la mawu akuti "kulowerera" ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'madera angapo sayansi. Mawu amenewa agwiritsidwa kwa madera, ndi Optics ndi thunthu ndi malo ena ambiri.

chokhala ndi kulowerera

Mu 1912 ku German wasayansi Alfred Wegener akufuna chiphunzitso heuristic za kayendedwe wopandamalire ya misa chokhala. maganizo oti zinalengedwa miyala ndi nthaka, zochokera kuzipenya awo ndi kutulukira. Kodi chokhala kulowerera? Wegener adafotokoza kuti mayiko ndi zoyenda zonse, koma mtengo wake ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri motero kuti ndi kosatheka kumva. Mu zaka za m'ma 20, lipoti unachititsa kwambiri zotsutsa ndi chipongwe dziko sayansi.

Dziwani kuti kulowerera chokhala linatsegulidwa kale ndi miyala ndi nthaka German. Mu 1620s ndi odziwika wokonda za Frensis Bekon taonera m'mabuku ake pamanja wa machesi mu ndondomeko America ndi Africa. Pamaziko a zolemba wake zaka lingaliro kusamukira m'mayiko anakankhira France Franco Plaka, ndiyeno German Theodore Lilienthal. Mu 1858, zaumulungu American Antonio Snyder akufuna chiphunzitso kwakukulu kwambiri kuti pambuyo kuzirala kwa dziko lapansili ndi sangaime kuthamanga ndi kugawikana mu zidutswa. Kwa nthawi yaitali, chokhala kulowerera sichinayambe kutsimikiziridwa. Mu ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi United States, chiphunzitso chimenechi akadali anakana. Komabe, mu 1960 kumayambiriro, asayansi Soviet anapeza kuti Wegener chiweruzo ndi zoona. Poyankha, mfundo fiksizma anapitiriza kuteteza odziwika bwino Russian Akatswiriwa MA Usov ndi S. hoops.

Chiphunzitso cha kulowerera chokhala

Mu zaka za m'ma 20, Alfred Wegener kuzungulira dziko ndi cholinga choti tidziwe chofunikira ndi gwero la moyo pa dziko. Pamaziko a deta ambiri chifukwa cha maulendo German miyala ndi nthaka anatsimikiza kuti yonse ofanana structural zikuchokera. Komanso, wasayansi watsimikizira wamba zinyama malasha ndi zomera za m'mayiko akale. Komanso kufanana izichitika ndi nyengo.

Malinga Wegener, choyamba panali lubwe wosanjikiza padziko lapansili. Ndi kumanga mtundu anaikira pa nthawi mu prakontinent zikuluzikulu zotchedwa Pangea. mapangidwe Izi unalembedwa zaka 500 miliyoni BC Kenako anapanga praokean umodzi. Chifukwa, kayendedwe tectonic Pangea anayamba kuphwanya mutizidutswa tating'ono ting'ono. Choncho panali kulowerera chokhala.

kayendedwe m'maiko zimatheka ndi mphamvu centrifugal wa kasinthasintha wa Dziko Lapansi. Chinthu china chofunika ndi kukopa kwa dzuwa ndi mwezi. Chifukwa izi padali anzawo ku Europe ndi ku Asia, North America ndipo kenako Africa. A mpita yaikulu wodzazidwa Atlantic. A chotsatira cha kugawanika kwa Pangea akhala mapiri a Andes ndi Cordillera.

Chifukwa cha kuthetsa wa mayiko a ku Africa ndi Europe inawombana ndi mzake, kupanga Alps, Himalaya, ndi Carpathians ndi ranges ena phiri. Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa kwa Wegener, mfundo zazikulu za kasinthasintha wa lonselo mitengoyo a Dziko Lapansi.

ayezi kulowerera

Si chinsinsi kuti misa mazira a madzi kusuntha kudutsa nyanja ndi nyanja chifukwa otaya mkati. Koma kodi kulowerera kwa ayezi? Izi si ufulu kuyenda padziko madzi. Pankhaniyi, kayendedwe ka madzi oundana m'nyanja kapena nyanja mchikakamizo cha mphepo osiyana ndi mafunde. Ambiri ayezi ndi yobwerera Arctic, komwe maphunziro lekani kwa tsiku limodzi. magulu amenewa awa akuimira makamaka anticyclonic kayendedwe, mwa kulankhula kwina, mopita kutsogolo. Chifukwa cha dongosolo la ayezi kunja kwa Ocean Arctic ku gombe la mitsinje Greenland atatu. Pa njira imeneyi muyenera ndi madzi oundana yaing'ono kuchokera chaka 1 mpaka zaka 5 malingana ndi poyambira wa spalling. The njira yodutsamo kuyenda zimadalira otaya zeze.

The woyamba chodabwitsa wapadera anaonerera wasayansi Nansen mu 1893. Ndiye chombo "Fram" kucoka Chatsopano Siberia gombe ku Nyanja Greenland. Nansen inamva kugwirizana pakati pa makhalidwe a ayezi mu Inde 3-chaka ulendo wa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asayansi anapeza kuti malamulo awiri ofunika: madzi oundana kulowerera liwiro pafupifupi 2% ya concomitant mphepo liwiro ndi malangizo a gulu lagona pa madigiri 30 kuti lamanja la pano. Izi Nansen kenako anatsimikizira Soviet pulofesa Vladimir Wiese.

Barometric kulowerera ayezi

Wapadera zachilengedwe kuchokera 1913 mpaka 1940 ku Greenland madzi afufuza ambiri Maulendo, ndipo aliyense asayansi nthawi amavomereza kuti Nansen zoyenera zolemba zake ndi nzeru. Mu 1930s mochedwa, dziko la Soviet Union kozizira lonse zopezera okwerera nyengo. polojekiti walunjika ndi wasayansi Zubov.

Malinga ndi zimene anapatsidwa iye ndi gulu lake anali kudziwa chitsanzo cha kulowerera, lomwe limapezeka pamodzi isobars lapansi. Mwamwayi, pakuti Greenland madzi ndi ofooka kwambiri, koma mphepo yamphamvu kwambiri. Zinali iye amene analimbikitsa floes kuti kugombe la zisumbu zikuluzikulu. Popeza barometric kulowerera chatsegulidwa. Anaika malamulo awiri: 1. Madera ayezi kuyenda ndi isobars mwamalunji. Pamene mavuto ali kwambiri kukwezeka mu pane bwino.

2. liwiro kuyenda ndi inversely njila kwa mtunda pakati isobars lapansi.

Pankhani ya mopendekeka ndi madigiri 30, zopatuka kumachitika mchikakamizo cha mphamvu Coriolis ndi kukhululukirana.

Kutengeka chibadwa: kuzindikiritsa

Mu thupi la munthu pa mlingo ma zimachitika mamiliyoni njira makina. Mmodzi chidwi kwambiri ndi wapadera wa iwo kulowerera chibadwa. Mwina limagwirira okha amene amayambitsidwa ndi zochitika malo amodzi mwachisawawa. Nanga kulowerera majini? Kusintha achisokonezoŵa pafupipafupi alleles cha chibadwa, ndiye chakuti anthu.

Limagwirira wa chodabwitsa lili mu ndondomeko ya kubereka, chifukwa cha imene imagwiritsidwa nambala yaikulu maselo nyongolosi, wotchedwa gametes. Maselo amenewa sangathe kupanga zygote, koma pali kuchotserapo osowa. Ndi chifukwa mitundu izi wapadera anapanga mu anthu. Tikumbukenso kuti kusamutsidwa kwa allele pafupipafupi zosiyanasiyana zimatheka ndi ulemu kwa mmodzi wa m'badwo m'mbuyomu.

Chifukwa kuthetsa wa zamoyo wa mitundu mu am'deralo. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti kusintha pafupipafupi amapezeka kaya zinthu aliyense.

Kuthetsa chibadwa: mafunde anthu

Zimenezi ndi Mulimonsemo alibe mphamvu pa mitundu ya zamoyo chifukwa zokwera nthawizonse akutsatiridwa ndi slumps. Asayansi ambiri akudabwa kodi kulowerera majini zinakhalako zokha. Zimenezi maphunziro awo anayesetsa kuyankha Russian wasayansi Chetverikov. Iye anafotokoza kuti kusinthasintha chibadwidwe kukula anthu. Pa zatsopano chinapezeka kuti njira imeneyi kumathandiza molimba kusinthika kwa zamoyo zonse padziko lapansili. kusinthasintha mu manambala amatchedwa mafunde anthu. Kapangidwe chibadwa cha munthu alembedwera njira yakuti pa nthawi yoyenera kubereka ana - latsopano mtundu wofanana wa munthu. Nyama ndi zomera mafunde anthu zimadalira maziko malo. mitundu yekha ndi malamulo koyamba kumtundu kuonekera mu malo ena. Komabe, pa zamoyo mu zinyama ndi zomera ndi alleles udindo.

Kutengeka chibadwa: kusanduka maselo

Mapeto adzakhala mofulumira lathunthu la chodabwitsa cha anthu allele wina ndi Kupeza izo ena. Mlingo wapamwamba kulowerera chibadwa, liwiro zamoyo maselo a mitundu. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti Mwina fixation kusamukira allele pafupipafupi ndi wofanana ndi anthu.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti aliyense ngati molekyulu jini anayambitsa kamodzi mwa kusintha. kudumpha chisinthiko zimachitika ndi pafupipafupi za 10-5 pa mbewu / gamete. M'pake kuganiza kuti ang'onoang'ono mlingo anthu, m'munsi Mwina ndi kusintha kwa watsopano.

Komabe, asayansi ambiri akukhulupirira kuti mlingo wa kusanduka sikudalira chiwerengero cha mitundu ndi chiwerengero cha kulowerera chibadwa. Akatswiri American ndi Zuckerkandl loponya anasonyeza kuti alleles ndale imakhudzidwa pa liwiro zonse. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito mitundu iliyonse.

elekitironi kulowerera

Zimenezi ndi kayendedwe ka particles mlandu mchikakamizo cha m'munda malo amodzi. Kupita kungakhale chosokonekera ndi masoka. Zidalira pa madutsidwe wa kumunda magetsi. The kulowerera wa particles mu mpweya zitsulo anatsimikiza ndi apano matenthedwe apaulendo. Pankhaniyi, kulosera liwiro ndi malangizo a gulu sadzapambana. chakuti zotsatira matenthedwe si kupanga yunifolomu macroscopic kamwazi wa particles mlandu. Pali ma elekitironi ubale ndi munda amakhala ndi mwamphamvu ndi osalimba a sing'anga. Mu plasma, particles ali pansi maginito ilipodi, kotero kuti zoyenda adzakhala yunifolomu ndi zonse.

Mlingo wa mtengo kulowerera m'munda magetsi ndi apamwamba kuposa ion lapansi. Ndi chifukwa ndi kugula amphamvu za chilengedwe.

Asanduke DC

The FET mkuzamawu ali yaikulu vuto - ndi mowiriza mpumulo kupsyinjika. chodabwitsa akutchedwa ziro kulowerera. Chifukwa cha kusokoneza panopa pa mkuzamawu linanena bungwe ikagwa mtengo wa kulowa index. The kulowerera ziro nthawi zambiri anati, pakalibe ndi chizindikiro athandizira.

Chifukwa shutdown wotero kukhala:

- Mphamvu kotunga kulephera;
- Kusakhazikika resistors kapena transistors;
- phokoso otsika-pafupipafupi;
- mkulu kutentha kwa sing'anga;
- crosstalk kapena kusokonezedwa. Kwambiri kawirikawiri ndi zovuta chifukwa cha kusokoneza panopa ku DCA angakhale galvanic kugwirizana pakati pa magawo. Iye mwamsanga transmits kusintha chizindikiro, kotero kusakhazikika pakhomo nkomwe traceable.

Kuti n'chongoletsa ziro kulowerera angagwiritsidwe ntchito zigawo termokompensiruyuschie kwambiri zoteteza chilengedwe, DC converters, boma kudziwika limagwirira. M'pofunika kusintha moyenera dera DCA.

The kulowerera cha maso

Zimenezi wosakwiya chifukwa kusamutsidwa mwapang'onopang'ono mwana wa m'diso la. Mu mawu ena, musanaganizire chikukonzekera chigawo chapakati cha diso pa chinthu chilichonse. Nawatsimikizira anapempha funso kodi kulowerera cha maso ndi chimene chimachititsa izo.

Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli m'pofunika kudziwa kuti diso la munthu lili ndi zitatu za magulu amene ngakhale kuoneka kuti: inagwedezeka zonse, jerky fixation ndi kayendedwe yosalala. Dziko loyamba ndi ponseponse. Pafupipafupi chidule minofu diso 80 Hz. The chikhalidwe chachiwiri ndi malire yachibadwa. limagwirira The umalamulidwa ndi zimene mwadzidzidzi. Boma lachitatu analolera molumikizana ndi awiri, koma osati payokha. chifukwa Imatha kukana kwa diso la limagwirira mayankho.

kulowerera ngalawa

Kuchotsedwa Inde ngalawa akupezeka zambiri mchikakamizo cha mphepo yamphamvu. Khalidwe waukulu wa kulowerera amenewa ndi mbali pakati pa mizere ya woona ndi malangizo onyenga njira. Kugwetsa chotengera angayambe mchikakamizo cha pano. Kutengeka ndi kuchepetsa zikusonyezedwa "nangula" malo pamene katundu ndi kukwawa pamodzi pansi.

Chotsatira yoopsa kwambiri kulowerera izi zikuoneka chombo pa miyala kapena shoals. Kuti achotse lotereli m'pofunika kulongosola mphuno sitimayo mu mphepo.