The katundu wa maginito ndi mphamvu maginito

Ku phunziro ili, monga maginito, onse akhala anazolowera. Sitikuchiona mmenemo chilichonse chapadera. Tikamayanjana ndi sayansi phunziro mwachizolowezi kapena ziwonetsero za katundu wa maginito zidule kwa sanayambebe kupita kusukulu. Ndipo nkomwe aliyense amaganiza ngati maginito tikukhala mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Uliwonse nyumba pali ambiri. Maginito chipangizo kupezeka wokamba nkhani aliyense, tepi, shavers magetsi, maola. Ngakhale mabanki ndi misomali si.

Ndipo komabe?

Ife - anthu - osati yekha. Zikomo chidzachitika Biotok thupi otizungulira pali chitsanzo yakumwamba ya mizere ake kumunda. Ikulu maginito ndi dziko lapansi. A zambiri wofuna - plasma mpira kwa dzuwa. Zovuta kumvetsa maganizo a anthu kukula kwa nyenyezi ndi nebulae kawirikawiri kuvomereza mfundo yakuti zonsezi - komanso maginito.

sayansi yamakono amafuna chilengedwe cha maginito latsopano lalikulu ndi wapamwamba-wamphamvu, ntchito amene akukhudzana maphatikizidwe nyukiliya, m'badwo wa mphamvu ya magetsi, mathamangitsidwe mu synchrotrons mlandu particles, kukweza ziwiya olowa. Pangani munda superstrong ntchito kampasi katundu wa maginito - limodzi mwa mavuto a sayansi amakono.

kufotokozera mfundo za

A maginito ndi mphamvu kuchita thupi ndi kuyang'anira, ndi zoyenda. Iwo "osati ntchito" ndi zinthu atathana (kapena wopanda mlandu) ndipo amakhala mawonekedwe a m'munda atomu, amene alipo monga mfundo zambiri ambiri.

Ngati thupi angalenge padziko pachokha ndi maginito okha ndi kumva mphamvu ya mmene iye, iwo amatchedwa maginito. Ndiko kuti, deta zinthu - ndi nyese (nako mphindi lolingana).

zosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana kumunda kunja. Kufooketsa zotsatira zake m'bwalomo adalonga mbati paramagnetic, ikuthandizira - diamagnetic. zipangizo zina angathe mungamveketse thousandfold ya maginito. Izi - ferromagnetic zipangizo (cobalt, faifi tambala, chitsulo, gadolinium, ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi mankhwala a anati zitsulo). Amene anagwa mchikakamizo cha minda amphamvu kunja okha kupeza katundu maginito, amatchedwa magnetically. Other, amatha kuchita zinthu ngati maginito mchikakamizo mwachindunji za kuthengo, ndipo anasiya kukhala ndi mofulumira wake - magnetically.

A pang'ono za mbiri

Kuphunzira katundu okhazikika maginito ya anthu amene ali okhudzidwa ndi kwambiri, nthawi yayitali. Tchulani wa iwo m'mabuku a akatswiri a Greece yakale zaka 600 pamaso yathu ino. Natural (chiyambi zachilengedwe) angazindikire maginito mu madipoziti maginito miyala. Yotchuka kwambiri ya maginito waukulu lachibadwa kusungidwa mu University of Tartu. Iwo akulemera makilogalamu 13 ndi kulemera kuti lomasula ndi thandizo lake - makilogalamu 40.

Anthu waphunzira kulenga maginito yokumba, ntchito zosiyanasiyana zipangizo ferromagnetic. Ubwino ufa (cobalt, chitsulo, ndi zina zotero. P.) Kodi luso la kugwira thupi ndi cha maulendo oposa 5000 kulemera yake. nthawi yokumba nthaŵi zonse (kuwapeza zipangizo maginito) kapena electromagnets kukhala pachimake amene zakuthupi - zofewa chitsulo. munda voteji imene ukapezeka chifukwa cha kupita kwa magetsi kudzera windings waya amene azungulira pachimake.

Woyamba lalikulu Buku akuyesetsa kufufuza katundu wa maginito - ntchito ya London dokotala Hilbert, linatuluka mu 1600. Ntchito imeneyi lili kuchotsedwa deta panthawiyo za nyese ndi magetsi komanso zatsopano mlembi.

Aliyense wa alipo zochitika munthu akuyesera kuti azolowere moyo othandiza. Kumene, maginito si zosiyana.

Kagwiritsidwe maginito

Kodi katundu wa maginito ya anthu anatengera? Mbali zimakhala lonse limene timatha mwachidule kukhudza waukulu, zipangizo odziwika bwino kwambiri ndi ntchito chinthu ameneyu.

COMPASS ndi onse odziwika chipangizo kwa kudziwa madera mtunda. Uyamiko kwa Iye, kukonza njira ya ndege, sitima, pansi kayendedwe, kuyenda zolinga. zipangizozi kungakhale maginito (imbani mtundu) ntchito ndi alendo ndi oyeza kapena osakhala maginito (wailesi ndi gidrokompasy).

The Zimalondolera woyamba kuchokera maginito zachilengedwe ankapangidwa m'zaka XI ndipo ntchito panyanja. Iwo zochokera zochita zawo pa kasinthasintha ufulu mu ndege yopingasa la singano yaitali zakuthupi ndi maginito, moyenera pa olamulira a. kumalekezero a nthawi zonse loyang'anizana ndi kum'mwera, ndi zina - kumpoto. Motere mukhoza kuona ndendende malangizo waukulu ponena kadinala.

M'madera chachikulu

M'madera katundu maginito wapeza ntchito yaikulu - wailesi ndi magetsi, zipangizo, Makinawa ndi Akutali Control. Zipangizo ferromagnetic ndi yolandirana, maginito, ndi zina zotero. N. Mu 1820 anatulukira wochititsa katundu ndi ntchito panopa pa Muvi maginito, kukakamiza ake kutembenukira. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zinandipangitsa wina anapeza - awiri ochititsa kufanana kudzera amene utuluke ziliri pa njira imodzi, ndi chuma cha kukondana.

Chifukwa cha kopanda uyu anapangidwa chifukwa katundu wa maginito. zochitika zonsezi zitachitika chifukwa mafunde, kuphatikizapo kufalitsidwa mkati zipangizo maginito. malingaliro amakono a sayansi zofanana ndi kopanda ichi.

Pa injini ndi magudumu

Ofotokoza adalenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Motors magetsi ndi magudumu, i.e. ndi makina mtundu makina amene ntchito zachokera kusintha kwa mphamvu mawotchi mphamvu zamagetsi (tikulankhula magudumu) kapena magetsi mu makina (kwa injini). jenereta aliyense umagwira ntchito pa mfundo za kupatsidwa ulemu atomu, mwachitsanzo EMF (electromotive mphamvu) akupezeka waya, amene kusunthira mu maginito ilipodi. mota umagwira zochokera chodabwitsa yatsoka mphamvu waya ndi panopa, anaika m'munda yopingasa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mogwirizana ndi munda panopa wakupambana mwa windings mbali kusunthira ntchito zipangizo anatchula magnetoelectric. Monga watsopano galimoto ali windings wamphamvu alternating zangochitika awiri amachita kupatsidwa ulemu mphamvu mita. Lili pakati pa conductive kumulowetsa pagalimoto poyera kwa kasinthasintha makokedwe, mphamvu ndi njila kwa mowa mphamvu.

Ndipo tsiku ndi tsiku?

Okonzeka ndi batire kakang'ono ulonda magetsi amadziwa zonse. chipangizo awo pogwiritsa ntchito awiri maginito, awiri inductors ndi transistor ndi zosavuta chiwerengero cha zinthu zilipo kuposa ulonda makina.

Koposa ntchito ithedwa a mtundu mu atomu kapena maloko ndi maloko yamphamvu imene Amawapatsa zinthu maginito. Iwo ali ngati akonzedwa ofunika loko Mbali code. Pamene jekeseni bwino olondola kiyi loko ku malo amakopeka zigawo zikuluzikulu mkati mwa loko maginito kuti amalola kuti atsegule izo.

Kuchokera pa zochita za chipangizo maginito ndi dynamometers galvanometer (mkulu tilinazo chipangizo chimene chimaonekera mafunde ofooka). The katundu wa maginito ankagwiritsa ntchito yopanga abrasives. Kotero ndicho lakuthwa ndi ochepa particles olimba, zomwe ndi zofunika kwa Machining (akupera, kupukuta, anamuvula), zosiyanasiyana zinthu ndi zipangizo. Kupanga za ankafunila mu osakaniza ferrosilicon mwina zikukhazikitsa pansi pa ng'anjo mwina anapatsa zikuchokera abrasive. Kuchotsa izo kuchokera kumeneko, ndipo maginito ndi zifunika.

Science ndi kulankhulana

Chifukwa zimatha maginito zipangizo sayansi kuphunzira kapangidwe ka zosiyanasiyana matupi. Ine ndikhoza kutchula magnetochemistry kapena maginito chilema (chilema kudziwika njira mwa kupenda ndi maginito katundu kupotoza m'madera ena).

Ndipo malangizo amenewa kupanga njira ultrahigh pafupipafupi osiyanasiyana, kachitidwe wailesi kugwirizana (asilikali ndi mizere malonda), pa kutentha mankhwala monga mwa nyumba, ndi makampani chakudya mankhwala (microwaves zonse bwino). N'zosatheka m'nkhani imodzi kuti atchule zovuta zipangizo luso onse ndi ntchito, amene ntchito masiku ano maginito katundu zinthu.

dera zachipatala

Ndinali nazonso ndi kuchuluka kwa diagnostics ndi mankhwala. Kudzera X-ray cheza ikuyambitsa elekitironi liniya accelerators anachita chotupa mankhwala mu cyclotrons ndi synchrotrons kwaiye purotoni matabwa ndi ubwino pa x-ray mu lathu m'deralo ndi kuchuluka efficacy mankhwalawa maso ndi ubongo zotupa.

Pankhani sayansi kwachilengedwenso, komabe mpaka cha m'ma otsiriza ntchito moyo wa thupi ndi kumphatikiza ndi kukhalapo kwa mphamvu ya maginito. mabuku Scientific kawirikawiri kudzadza malipoti ayi wa wina wa zotsatira umoyo wawo. Koma kuyambira zaka zao za sikisite chigumukire unaturuka buku pa katundu zamoyo maginito.

Ndiye ndipo Tsopano

Komabe, akufuna kuchitira anthu anapangidwira ndi asayansi m'zaka XVI. Iwo analemba maulendo angapo bwino kuchiza matenda a mano, matenda mantha, kusowa tulo, ndipo ambiri ziwalo mavuto. Zikuoneka kuti ntchito ya magnesium mankhwala wapeza palibe njira ina kuposa panyanja.

Otsiriza theka ya atumwi ankagwiritsa ntchito zibangili maginito, otchuka pakati pa odwala ndi kuthamanga mkhutu magazi. Asayansi kwambiri anakhulupirira mphamvu kuonjezera kukana ya maginito ya thupi. Mothandizidwa ndi zipangizo mu atomu aphunzira kuyeza liwiro magazi, kapena kutenga zitsanzo za mankhwala kutumikiridwa makapisozi ankafuna.

Maginito kuchotsedwa otsekeredwa mu diso particles chabwino zitsulo. Zimenezi zachokera ntchito elektrodatchikov (aliyense wa ife ali bwino ndondomeko electrocardiogram). Masiku ano sayansi mogwirizana ndi akatswiri kuphunzira njira zakuya za kukhudzana anthu kuti mphamvu ya maginito wayamba pafupi ndi zofunika kwambiri.

Neodymium maginito: katundu ndi ntchito

maginito Neodymium amaonedwa ndi kowonekera kwambiri pa thanzi la munthu. Iwo zigwirizana neodymium, chitsulo ndi boron. Mankhwala opangidwa - NdFeB. The mwayi waukulu chonchi maginito imatengedwa kuti ndi mphamvu ya m'munda wake mlingo wochepa. Choncho, kulemera mphamvu ya maginito 200 ndi 1 gauss c. Poyerekeza, wofanana ake maginito mphamvu chitsulo ali ndi kulemera kuposa pafupifupi 10 nthawi.

Wina mwayi undoubted wa anati maginito - sichisinthasinthanso wabwino ndi luso kusunga makhalidwe kufunika kwa mazana a zaka. Kwa zaka maginito wotaya katundu ndi% 1 yekha.

Kodi chimodzimodzi asonyezedwa neodymium maginito?

Mothandizidwa ndi mzimuwo kusintha aziyenda, kuthamanga ndi okhazikika, akulimbana ndi migraine.

The katundu wa maginito neodymium anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchiza zaka 2,000 zapitazo. Kutchulidwa kwa mawonekedwe ya mankhwala akupezeka Mipukutu ya China wakale. Ndiye ankachitira kutsatira miyala maginito ndi thupi la munthu.

Therapy analipo mu mawonekedwe a kuika iwo kwa thupi. Bakuman amanena kuti thanzi labwino ndi kukongola ethereal wa Cleopatra anali kuvala zonse pa mutu bandeji maginito. Mu Persian asayansi X atumwi mwatsatanetsatane anafotokoza opindulitsa zotsatira neodymium maginito katundu pa thupi la munthu mu nkhani ya kuwonongedwa kwa kutupa ndi minofu kuphipha. Umboni kupulumuka nthawi kuti aweruzidwe pa ntchito iwo kuonjezera minofu mphamvu, mphamvu fupa ndi kuchepetsa ululu malo.

mavuto onse ...

Umboni pa mphamvu ya kukhudzana ngati afalitsidwa 1530 ndi wotchuka dokotala Paracelsus ku Switzerland. Mu zolemba zake, dokotala ananena kuti katundu zamatsenga a maginito kuti zikuoneka yotithandiza thupi kudziletsa machiritso ndi chifukwa. A zosiyanasiyana kwambiri matenda m'masiku amenewo anali kunyozedwa ndi ntchito maginito.

Ponseponse kudziletsa mankhwala mu United States ndi thandizo la chida ichi mu zaka pambuyo nkhondo (1861-1865) pamene mankhwala ndi m'mbali sikokwanira. Ndipo ife ntchito monga mankhwala komanso ululu asipirini.

Kuchokera XX atumwi ndi katundu akangofika maginito analandira kulungamitsidwa sayansi. Mu 1976, Japanese akusowa dokotala Nikagavoy mfundo syndrome maginito polima. Research wakhazikitsa zizindikiro zake enieni. Iwo amakhala ndi kufooka, kutopa, yafupika ntchito tulo matenda ndondomeko. Komanso, pali mutu waching'alang'ala, olowa ndi msana zopweteka, mavuto ndi m'mimba ndi machitidwe mtima monga hypotension kapena matenda oopsa. Koma vuto ndi matenda achikazi, ndiponso kusintha khungu. The ntchito za boma maginito deta ndithu bwinobwino kuti matenda.

Science Kodi chilili

Asayansi kupitiriza kuyetsa mphamvu ya maginito. Zatsopano inkachitikira onse pa nyama ndi mbalame, komanso mabakiteriya. Terms wofooka maginito amachepetsa kupambana njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu mbalame experimental, mbewa, mabakiteriya chulukanani mofulumira ndinayima. Ndi kusowa nthawi yaitali minda zimakhala moyo zimasintha sizingasinthe.

Ndi kumenyana zochitika zonsezi ndi chifukwa cha zotsatira zoipa zambiri ntchito mankhwala maginito wotero. Zikuoneka kuti pa nthawi ino katundu onse opindulitsa maginito sizinachitike anaphunzira mlingo woyenera. Patsogolo madokotala ambiri chidwi ndi zinthu zatsopano.