Kumwa establishments ku Russia

Russia ndi lero chimodzi cha kwambiri kumwa dziko mu dziko. Ena simukugwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi, pamene ena, ngakhale kunyadira, ndipo ena ndale. Koma pamene woyamba anaonekera Kumwa establishments mu Russia? Amene anakhala wokonzanso? Tidzayensa kuyang'ana mu nkhaniyi.

Kuledzera - wosatha Russian wachiwiri?

Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kumwa kukhazikitsidwa kale mu masiku akale, anatuluka, titero, kuchokera pachiyambi cha mapangidwe boma, ndipo wamba Russian anali kale chidakwa. Koma izi sizili choncho. Rusichi ankadya yekha otsika mowa zakumwa za mphamvu si choposa 1-6%: Braga, uchi, mowa, Brew. zotsatira mwamsanga kusiyiratu. Pa nthawi ubale chikhalidwe Byzantium kwa Russia zinkachokera wofiira Greek vinyo, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kokha maholide achipembedzo pakati pa anthu "zabwino" wa ukulu a. Koma zakumwa zimenezi sizinali amphamvu kwambiri - osapitirira 12%, ndipo ntchito kokha kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi, komanso anachitira ku Greece ndipo Byzantium. Zinaoneka woyamba establishments kumwa ku Russia? Mmene onse anayamba?

Chakudya - mwambo Kalonga

Old Russian epics, nkhani ndi nkhani kutchula maphwando Kalonga imene "magome anali odzadza." Awa anali maphwando payekha, amene anakonza zoti akalonga a boyars wake. misonkhano ofanana ankatchedwa "Bratchina", ndipo akazi sankaloledwa iwo. Koma panali zochitika pa zimene kugonana ofooka analipo, ndipo ukwati, mu nkhani iyi akutchedwa "clubbing". Kufikira tsopano, monga mawu opezeka mu chinenero, mwachitsanzo, "kusewera kachikwama", kutanthauza kugawana ndalama mofanana, kugula chinachake palimodzi, ngakhale kunadetsa mawu ofanana ndi anazimiririka. Ndipo ife kubwerera ku phunziro lathu.

The zakumwa wotchuka kwambiri pa zochitika mu Lazaro wakale anali:

• Red vinyo Byzantium (mpaka nkhondo Mongol).
• Mowa.
• Kvass, lomwe Ndipotu, ankawoneka ngati mowa kulawa.
• Med. Mawu m'chinenero ano "mead." Nthawi zina tikuchita kuukonza - "ammutu uchi", koma osati nthawi zonse.
• Braga. Kwenikweni Ine popanga uchi, koma Chinawonjezeka ndalama zocheperako chifukwa shuga analibe kulibe.

Zakumwa zopangidwa mosadalira aliyense bwalo Kalonga kapena boyar.

"Pituh osati kuyendetsa kutali!" Kapena establishments kumwa choyamba mu Russia

Woyamba kutsegula boma cha "mipiringidzo" si kugwirizana ndi dzina la Peter Wamkulu, monga ambiri amaganiza yomweyo, koma ndi khalidwe lina maganizo m'mbiri yathu - Ivanom Groznym.

Pambuyo pa adani a Kazan establishments kumwa unayamba kuonekera mu Moscow ndipo anaitana alendo. Patapita kanthawi iwo anayamba kutchedwa "alendo a mfumu", "nyumba kruzhechnyh." Izo zinali kokha m'ma 18 m'ma iwo ali ndi tanthauzo la "kumwa malo".

Ndi kutsegula kwa mabungwe ofanana zakumwa kunyumba anasiya kutulutsa. Aliyense ankafuna kuti ataye nthawi malo ambiri.

Mfundo chidwi kwambiri kuti poyamba nduna mayunitsi madzi anawaitana ku woyamba "mipiringidzo": a ndowa, phazi, makapu, etc ..

Chimodzimodzi mawu akuti "nyumba za alendo" Chitata chiyambi amatanthauza "alendo". Ndiko kuti, poyamba anali hotelo oyamba asilikali komanso asilikali, amene anadyetsedwa zosiyanasiyana mowa.

Koma alendo anayamba kukopa anthu ambiri, ndi chimaposa kugulitsa mowa ku cuma kuposa mmene ankaganizira.

"Pituh (kuchokera ku mawu" chakumwa ") ku nyumba za alendo ndi tsar sankafuna galimoto kutali, kruzhechny zosonkhanitsira kutenga ndi phindu yapita" - limati lamulo la boma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti boma la Moscow State sikuti musamenyane uchidakwa mu dziko, koma m'malo mwake, kukhala mabungwe ndi kumulimbikitsa mowa pakati pa anthu ambiri. Mayina a pubs anali osiyana: "Big tsar a nyumba za alendo", "Inextinguishable kandulo." Koma onse anali mwalamulo amatchedwa "tsar a nyumba za alendo", ndipo kuyambira 1651 - "mayadi kruzhechnyh." Izo zinali kokha mu 1765-mamita amatchedwa "kumwa kunyumba."

Woyamba "malamulo youma" mu Russian

Vuto uchidakwa zachitika chachikulu moti Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich anakakamizika lachiweruzo ndi Zemsky Sobor, amene anaganiza tsoka za "mipiringidzo". Akuluakulu mwanzeru okha chiwerengero cha nyumba zimenezi, ndi kugulitsa takeaway analola zosaposa makapu wina. Koma si choncho n'zosavuta kuti muthetse chizolowezi anthu. Vodika anagula ndowa, kuyambira lero mabotolo mwachizolowezi osiyanasiyana. Mmodzi chidebe ngati "Wopatsa moyo ndi madzi pang'ono" kapena "otentha vinyo" kuli 14 malita a madzi akumwa.

Chidwi mfundo: kulemera anatsimikiza vodika khalidwe. Ngati chidebe chimalemera mapaundi 30 (pafupifupi 13,6 kg), mowa ankaona wabwino, osati kuchepetsedwa. Ngati kwambiri - mwini akhadikhira disassembly kwambiri. Mwa njira, lero n'zothekanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira yotero ya yachinsinsi. lita imodzi ya oyera 40% mowa wamphamvu ayenera kulemera ndendende 953 magalamu.

Pubs pafupi - odyera lotseguka

Popeza 1881, pakhala kusintha Mkhalidwe mu ndondomeko mowa ya boma. Pubs kuchokera pano kutsekedwa. Koma m'malo pali ing'onoing'ono pagulu - omwera kapena nyumba za alendo (poyamba mawu amenewa ntchito brew). Panali kusiyana pang'ono:

1. Kuwonjezera mowa, iwo anayamba kugulitsa zokhwasula-khwasula, amene sanali kuchita.
2. Chosavuta boma okhawo mu dziko, chotero, bungwe ofanana anayenera kutenga chilolezo chapadera kugulitsa ndi kugula mowa okha boma akumeneko mabizinezi distilleries.

Mendeleev "inatulukiridwa" ndi mowa wamphamvu?

Pa nthawi imeneyi msonkhano ntchito yapadera lotsogoledwa ndi sayansi wotchuka Mendeleev. Iwo amalingalira mmene kuphunzitsa anthu chikhalidwe cha kumwa, "kuphunzira kuyang'ana kwa mowa wamphamvu zimabweretsa phwando, osati monga njira kuchititsa kuledzera kwambiri ndi kuyiwala."

Zikuoneka Choncho, mu dziko lathu wamba nthano zimene zinali Mendeleev "inatulukiridwa" mowa wamphamvu. Ndipotu si. Iye anali kokha nthawi yoyamba mawu amenewa, pa mlingo boma anayamba kuitana amphamvu mowa. Pamaso kuti ankatchedwa mosiyana: ". Moto n'chipsera" "yophika vinyo", "mkate vinyo", "mmodzi wowongolera" Mawu akuti "mowa wamphamvu" slang tisanaiganizirepo uyu akubwera kuchokera diminutive "madzi", "n'chipsera" ndipo ntchito yekha ndi kulemekeza tinctures mankhwala zochokera mowa. Choncho, amaona kuti mowa wamphamvu "inatulukiridwa" sayansi yathu wotchuka. Koma Dziwani kuti Mendeleev anabweretsa ano mulingo woyenera kufanana chakumwa: 40-45% mowa, ena - madzi.

Mavuto ali sikunathetse

kusintha Excise kwachititsa kuti azisiyana: m'malo mankhwala apamwamba aulere mbatata mowa wamphamvu ndi zabwino kwenikweni, monga mafakitale angapo ovomerezeka ntchito kaya katundu kapena mankhwala asilikali.

Zitasintha yoletsedwa kwathunthu malonda a mowa, koma malonda zake adapitiriza kuyambira 1924. Pambuyo pake, wina anali kufuna kulowa "chilamulo youma" mu nthawi ya kusintha, koma mfundo imeneyi Wawononga yekha Mkhalidwe mowa dziko, monga Republic monga Georgia ndi Moldova anali pafupi bankirapuse, monga kuchuluka lalikulu la wolowa awo anali zipangizo vinyo ndi vinyo.