Kuthetsa mlingo wa moto PM - ndiwotani angapo pamphindi? Phiri la Makarov: makhalidwe

Makarov mfuti (PM 9 mm) - mfuti theka-zodziwikiratu mu 1951, kuchotsa TT mfuti mfuti Nagant dongosolo. Iwo anayamba kupanga Makarov Nikolay Fedorovich, Soviet mlengi, anayambanso ena zipangizo zina mukutengera. PM, losavuta ndi odalirika, wakhala ndi kukhala mu utumiki ndi mabungwe yazamalamulo ndi asilikali ankhondo la Chitaganya cha Russia, komanso m'mayiko ena angapo (Georgia, Syria, Latvia, Laos, Kazakhstan, Korea North, Ukraine ndi ena). Komabe, Russia tsopano pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuchotsa mfuti wake Yarygin, PMM ndi ena zitsanzo zina. Kodi mbali ya chida ichi, ife adzamvetsa zina.

Wamba Baibulo la PM

Chifukwa cha otchuka ake kuzindikira sanali nkhondowo Baibulo, monga zoopsa PM "Wii" ndi buku lina (PM-RF, "Berkut", PMR, PMG, MP-T), komanso mpweya ndi mpweya (mwachitsanzo mpweya mfuti "Makarych" ndi zipolopolo mphira).

Kwake ndi chomasuka ntchito mwaisandutsa otchuka Makarov mfuti, mtengo wake (3 zikwi. Opaka. Mu zoopsa kwa PM) alinso kuphatikiza wabwino kwa izo zonse, pali zosintha zambiri yapachiweniweni Makarov mfuti. PM mu Russia zambiri akubwera mu maonekedwe a chida pneumatic (kachiwiri, chifukwa kuzindikiridwa ake). Pali zitsanzo za zoweta ndi achilendo. Mwachitsanzo, MP-654 - buku IZHMEH Makarov mfuti.

Pamaso amasulidwe "Chilamulo pa Zida" mu zoopsa zambiri chabe reworked nkhondowo PM (otchedwa oholaschivanie), lalikulu zedi otsala mu malo ya Soviet Union. Kusintha uyu anali kochepa: manyazi a "sewerolo" ndi zinthu zodzitetezera amene salola kusintha mu nkhondowo PM. Koma tsopano, kapena zochepa latsopano zitsanzo sanali nkhondowo ndi remakes, koma onse anapanga zida chomwecho zitsulo.

The kampani German UMAREX kuti pakhale zitsanzo zingapo, monga Umarex PM Chotambala ndi Makarov, ndipo 6 mamilimita mpweya yamphamvu mfuti Nthano Makarov. The kampani American SMG akumasula Baibulo Gletcher PM, amene ali amodzi bawuti chonyamulira. Baibulo lomwelo ndi chimango atathana nawo Borner - kampani osiyana United States, ali ndi dzina BORNER PM49 ndi kupanga Taiwan.

Mu Russia, monga unyinji wa zosintha pamene nkhondoyo (PMM, ndi zambiri mphamvu magazini - zipolopolo 12 zipolopolo, ndi amphamvu kwambiri katiriji 9x18), ndi boma, monga "Baikal" 443 (masewera mfuti), MR-442 "SKIF" polima-lathuli ndi mndandanda wa IZH70 anamasulidwa ku msika monga malonda mfuti zamasewera. Nkhondo PM alinso angapo zosintha.

muffler

Pali maganizo olakwika kuti PB mfuti - ndi PM ndi silencer kuti limeneli linachokera sizoona. Ngakhale kuti PB (mfuti chete) ndipo ali gawo anatengedwa kuchokera pa pulani ya PM (shopu ndi mmene osalimba mbali choyambitsa limagwirira), ndizo zida awiri osiyana kwambiri. Mu USSR, panali akuyesetsa kupanga pa PM ndi silencer, koma mtanda zina experimental sanapeze: mlingo kuchepetsa phokoso zochepa, koma chifukwa kutalikitsa thunthu chinawonjezeka mlingo kumasulidwa rollback, yomwe inapita patsogolo pa avale limagwirira. Mwina, ndiye, mu 1967 ndipo Analeredwa ndi PB lapansi.

Tsopano mayiko ena (China, USA ndi ena) sizikugonjera zosintha kulimbana Makarov mfuti ndi silencer a.

ndi Makarov mfuti Kodi

The mpikisano unachitika mu ankhondo Soviet mu 1948, panafika ambuye zingapo Soviet. Cholinga chake chinali kupeza mmalo lotha mfuti Nagant ndi TT mfuti, anali akadali mu utumiki.

Tula Tokarev mfuti, anayamba mu 1930, ndi kuwala kokwanira ndi yaying'ono, n'zosavuta kunyamula, koma ali zingapo zovuta. Mmodzi wa iwo milandu akatemera mowiriza (Zikatero akufotokozedwa m'buku lakuti "Pafupifupi kwambiri" Yuri Nikulin), kotero kuti mfuti anali saloledwa kuvala ndi wothawa mu katiriji chipinda. drawback wina anali kusowa kwa chipata yomweyo. Zonsezi zinachititsa chakuti kwa nthawi yaitali TT mfuti anabweretsa kulimbana okonzeka, ndipo akhoza ndalama msilikali kapena moyo kugwira ntchito, chifukwa nthawi zina udzadutsa pa mphindi. Inalinso maganizo ndi kuipa wotero kuti izo yosayenera kuwomba kuchokera embrasures thanki. Ngakhale lamulo limeneli chimagwiritsidwa ankaona chotheka, mfuti German Iye adayankha.

Komanso, anali zida zofunikira kuti kudzakhala kuwala, yaying'ono ndi yabwino, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, posachedwapa kungabweretse chikhalidwe kuwombera. chitsanzo anapatsidwa kwa mfuti German "WALTHER PP" omwe sanayambe mpaka 1929. Panali zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana koma kwambiri kapangidwe Makarov mfuti anamuzindikira. PM lalandiridwa mu Soviet mabungwe yazamalamulo ndi asilikali zaka zitatu pambuyo chitukuko, imene nthawi limagwirira anali bwino, anapanga zina zazing'ono.

Ngakhale mlengi Makarov ndipo anatengedwa monga maziko "WALTHER PP," iye kwambiri kusinthidwa izo. Kulengedwa ndi kulipira mfuti dongosolo wakhala wosalira, tsatanetsatane kukhala multifunctional, kuchuluka mphamvu zawo, chifukwa kuchuluka moyo utumiki ndiponso kudalirika.

Mumadziwika Makarov mfuti 1949 kupanga, limene mpaka pano bwino, ngakhale ali nastrel za zikwi makumi asanu akatemera. Izi ndi chidwi kuona kanthu masika PM lakonzedwa TH 4. Akatemera (ichi ndi "mfundo" phindu kwa mfuti zambiri, mwachitsanzo, kwa mfuti chomwecho Yarygin).

Poyamba, kunali koyenera kuti amafuna Mpikisanowo kupereka chitsanzo Mabaibulo awiri, pakuti likungosonyeza 7h65 mamilimita ndi 9 mm. The PM ntchito katiriji likungosonyeza 9h18mm m'malo 8h17mm. Latsopano chipolopolo likungosonyeza amasonyeza bwino wotseka mphamvu kuposa chipolopolo 7,62h25 mamilimita TT mfuti, ngakhale kuti anali ndi mphamvu zochepa. mphamvu zochepa kunapangitsa kuti kamangidwe ka chipata mfulu ndi mbiya lokhazikika.

Mu malo oyamba, chifukwa cha m'munsi mphamvu katiriji PM lakonzedwa kuwombera pa osiyanasiyana lalifupi, mpaka mamita 50, ngakhale chipolopolo wotseka mphamvu mpaka 350 m.

kamangidwe

Komanso, pali kusiyana kwambiri chipangizo choyambitsa, ndi mwayi waukulu anali Wopanda amasiya adzakoka chokhethemulira, anawonjezera Makarov. Shopu PM mfuti ndipo lama fuyusi ndangolandira kusintha zinthu zina. Yonseyi ntchito za mfundo zomangidwa a PM wakonza mosavuta ndi mbali okha - n'chochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi "Walter PP". Mwachitsanzo, akuchedwa chipata kapangidwe Makarov mfuti ali imaonetsa ntchito manja ndi kanthu kasupe ndi kasupe ndi sear, cocking adzakoka chokhethemulira, pamene atakhala chitetezo nsomba - nyundo linagawidwa masika. M'munsi masika latches kusunga mapeto apansi mainspring lapansi.

Mu gawo loyambirira la zigawo zikuluzikulu, monga mafyuzi ndi mfuti pini masika, tili ndi mawonekedwe yovuta, koma pa nthawi anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono yatsopano, ndi thandizo limene kunali kotheka kwa kuchepetsa kupanga.

"Walter PP" anali akuchedwa mfuti chifukwa cha chakuti katiriji chipinda spiked ndi bevel a. Makarov pafupifupi kwathunthu inathetsedwa vutoli ndipo zimatheka chiŵerengero zabwino za msinkhu wa katiriji chipinda ndi otsetsereka a bevel, kotero, pamodzi ndi malo okwezeka a ku katiriji pamwamba mu sitolo, pafupifupi kuthetseratu kufala kwa utykaniya katiriji mu bevel lapansi.

zofunika PM

Kuwombera ndi akatemera umodzi. Chifukwa zosabvuta pa njira ya poyerekeza ndi "Walter PP" mlingo nkhondowo anagwa penapake PM. Zipolopolo pa mphindi akhoza kupanga Makarov mfuti 30 ndi akatemera 35-40 pa PP lapansi.

mfuti ndi zonse magazini Kunenepa ndi 810 ga

PM mlandu zipolopolo 9mm (makatiriji mfuti 9x18), sitolo ali ndi mphamvu zidutswa 8.

mfuti kutalika ndi 161 mm, kutalika - 126,75 mm. Mbiya 4 ali Makarov mfuti mfuti likungosonyeza 9 mm. Kutalika kwa katiriji PM ndi 25 mm, ndi Chuck kulemera - 10 ga, ndi chipolopolo yokha akulemera 6.1 ga
Aliyense mfuti amamangiriridwa yopuma magazini, mthumba, mfuti lamba ndi akusisita.

mfuti kuwombera

kanthu zachokera PM akubwerera blowback. Chifukwa elasticity ankavala pa thunthu kubwerera kasupe ndi unyinji wa shutter ndi, kutseka kwa tsinde kumachitika. Hule ndi choyambitsa lotseguka, pawiri kanthu. Free yowotcha pini akhoza theoretically kuyambitsa kuwombera mowiriza pamene anachepa kuchoka m'dera lokwera, kapena ena amphamvu makina amadza, chifukwa alibe masika, zimene isungeni pa malo m'mbuyo. Komabe, Makarov sankaona kuti zimenezi mokwanira.

Pamene zipolopolo hule umagwiritsidwa ndi nyundo nkhonya, umene kapisozi wathyoka Chuck. Mlandu chopopera chiri akayaka, mipweya chopopera opangidwa opanikizika amene chipolopolo ndi n'kuthamangitsidwa mbiya. Yemweyo mpweya pressurized kudutsa pansi kudzanja retracts wathandizidwa. Iye agwira katiriji ejector, potero compressing kubwerera kasupe. Pa kukhudzana ndi imaonetsa malaya mwa shutter zenera pops kunja.

Wina kusiyana kwa "WALTHER PP" - recharging pamene lama fuyusi. The PP palibe shutter loko, n'zotheka recharge, ndi chipata GR ali oletsedwa. Makarov mfuti akhoza kuvala alonda pambuyo sitolo ndi anaikapo, ndipo m'chipinda wothawa Chuck. Bwinobwino pochotsa cocked nyundo, iye anachoka pini mfuti ndi oletsedwa komanso kucheza pamene lama fuyusi patsogolo choyambitsa.

The "WALTHER PP" pamaso kuwomba chitetezo ndalezo ayenera pamalo chapamwamba, ndi PM - m'munsi, ndi yabwino. Iwo anachoka pa kumbuyo kwa bawuti lapansi. Pamene kuwombera Mbali ali kuti: choyambitsa woyamba kukokera anachita pambuyo kutsitsa mbendera lama fuyusi, Pakufunika mphamvu zambiri (pa 3.5 kg) ngati hule ili pa ferrule ndi cocked mfuti samovzvodom ntchito. Mu akatemera wotsatira nyundo kupatsidwa mu malo cocking, ndi kuwombera adzakhala amafuna maganizo yaing'ono (1.5 makilogalamu), kuchititsa kwambiri zimatengera mlingo nkhondowo wa PM.

Pakuti lolondola kwambiri, mpirawo choyamba pambuyo kuchotsa mfuti ku lama fuyusi akhoza kukhala platoon choyambitsa pamanja hule pa nthawi yomweyo kupereka icho mmbuyo, mu nkhani iyi kwa mpirawo woyambirira adzakhala mwachilungamo kuwala kukanikiza choyambitsa.
kuwombera lotsatira zikhoza kupangidwa pokhapokha inu kumasula choyambitsa
(Popeza PM sinafike kwa ima pamzere yowotcha). Aliyense atolankhani latsopano zidzayambitsa moto mpaka kufikira ntchito mpaka zida zawo zonse mu sitolo. Pankhaniyi, chipata, ataima pa Wopanda amasiya amakhalabe mu malo kumbuyo.

Mbali ndi njira Makarov mfuti

The mfuti lili ndi magawo 32, ndipo zotsatirazi mbali yaikulu:
- shopu;
- Wopanda nsomba;
- chimango ndi mfuti olondera ndi mbiya;
- gwirani wononga ndi;
- choyambitsa (choyambitsa limagwirira);
- ndi returnable masika;
- valavu ndi chitetezo, ejector ndi drummer.

mfuti disassembly

Mfuti, mfuti makamaka zimafunika kuyendera zonse. Izi zidzathandiza mwamsanga kuti ziwonongeke akutulukira ndi kupewa mavuto. Kutheka dismantling zonse ndi tsankho. Complete disassembly sizingakhoze kuchitidwa nthawi zambiri monga izi kufulumizitsa ndondomeko mbali avale wa limagwirira, ndipo kumachepetsa moyo utumiki. Tsankho disassembly chikukwanira anayendera, njira kondomu kapena kuyeretsa pambuyo kuwombera, wathunthu okha kufunika kukonza pambuyo kwambiri zinthu nyengo (kugunda mfuti mu madzi kapena chipale chofewa, yokonza kapena Sinthani ndi lubricant kwatsopano).

Pali malamulo amene ayenera kutsata pa msonkhano ndi disassembly wa mfuti:
- Disassembly ndi msonkhano ikuchitika pa pamwamba woyera;
- kuika ndalama mu dongosolo la msonkhano;
- samalani akuchitira njira, popanda mantha mwadzidzidzi kwambiri mphamvu ntchito;
- pamene kusonkhana mfuti zingapo: tione manambala mbali, kuti kusokoneza madera mfuti pakati pawo.

Tsankho disassembly kuyeretsa ndi kuyendera

sitolo atachotsedwa patsinde chogwirira. dzanja lamanja cupped wake, ndiye kukokera mmbuyo magazini nsomba bwino chala chabwino ndi mkombaphala kuzengereza magazini chivundikiro akugwira gawo yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda. Choncho, yotengedwa sitolo.

Muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti palibe katiriji m'chipinda, ichi m'pofunika kuchotsa mfuti ku alonda, ndi dzanja lake lamanzere kugwira shutter njira yonse mmbuyo, ndikuika pa Wopanda amasiya, ndiyeno kuona chipinda. The chala ufulu akanikizire Wopanda amasiya ndi kuchepetsa shutter.

Pamakhala kulekana kwa shutter kwa chimango lapansi. dzanja lamanja anatenga mfuti ndi chogwirira ake, lamanzere - pansi pa choyambitsa alonda. Kutchetcha njira yake lamanzere mu chimango ndi zina parsing kukhalabe mu udindo uwu, lamanja index chala.

Ndi dzanja lake lamanzere kugwira shutter njira yonse mmbuyo ndi kutukula iye kuchokera kumbuyo, ndi chifukwa zochita za kubweranso masika, izo chitsogolo, kenako akhoza anapambulwa pa chimango lapansi. Chotsatira adzakhala kubwerera ku malo a choyambitsa alonda.

Chotsani kubwerera kasupe. kudzanja lamanja pamene akugwira chogwirira cha chimango, kuchotsa mbiya ku kasupe podalira dzanja lamanzere.

msonkhano Kayendesedwe

msonkhano umayamba kuti n'zosiyana, ndi kubwerera ku malo a kubwerera kasupe. dzanja lamanja kutenga chimango ndi chogwirira, ndi lamanzere kuyika masika mu thunthu. Zofunika: Muyenera kuvala izo chimaliziro, pamene wozungulira lotsiriza la awiri ang'onoang'ono kuposa ena.

Pamakhala kujowina chimango shutter. Dzanja lamanja akugwira chimango chogwirira, dzanja lamanzere akugwira pakamwapo, anadzetsa mapeto osiyana chisindikizo njira ya kubwerera kasupe, kenako kutenga malo kwambiri kwa chisindikizo njira kudzera anapita kunja kuipanikiza gawo. Ndiye, gawo kumbuyo kwa shutter kuti chimango ndi zitunda zake kotenga kuchepetsa liyenera kugwirizana mu mipata ya chimango lapansi. Kenako, kuchepetsa izo, pamene mwamphamvu kukanikiza shutter. Ndi opanikizika wa kubwerera kasupe adza kwa malo kutsogolo, kenako kukweza bokosi lama fuyusi.

Pamene kusonkhana mfuti sindiye kutulutsa skewed choyambitsa kusamala monga pa disassembly. N'zotheka kulera kumbuyo kumapeto a shutter kuti m'munsi khoma kutsogolo si m'manda mu Crest za choyambitsa mlonda amene kukuchepetsa kayendedwe ka bawuti mu kumbuyo.

Pomaliza - kumbuyo shopu patsinde pa chogwirira. Akugwira mfuti ndi dzanja lake lamanja, mu bokosi m'munsi pansi pa chogwirira amaika shopu, kuchitsatira ndi chala chachikulu ndi mkombaphala cha dzanja lake lamanzere. Kuwonekera pa magazini chivundikiro, koma ngakhale sizinkagunda dzanja lake, kuzibweretsa izo ku malo anakhumba pa zimene latch dontho ndi tsamba la imapezeka ku mapeto mpanda wa sitolo.

Pamwamba izo, onani ngati khamu ikuchitika molondola. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kutembenuzira lama fuyusi, kukokera mmbuyo ndi kumasula shutter. Ngati mwachita bwino, ndiye, popeza chinathandiza patsogolo pang'ono, shutter ali ayambe filimu amasiya, amene adzasiya izo mu malo kumbuyo. Ndiye, ndi chala lako lamanja kulikankhira latch bawuti yomweyo. Mu mavuto kubwerera kasupe izo mwamphamvu mudzabwezedwa kwa malo kutsogolo. Kodi hule cocked. Ndiye muyenera kunyamula bokosi lama fuyusi, amadza pa choyambitsa ndi cocking ndipo adzakhala oletsedwa.

Mogometsa ndi olondola ndipo moto

Kuwombera pa mfuti pamene afufuze nkhondo amachitidwa pa mtunda wa mamita 25 m'mimba mwake zozungulira chandamale 25 cm, amene yakwera chishango 1x0,5 m. Ngati mabowo anayi mu bwalo amene awiri ndi osapitirira 15 cm, kudziyerekeza imatengedwa yachibadwa. Pamene zipolopolo chipolopolo ali liwiro la 315 m / gawo.

mtundu wake Makarov mfuti ali olondola ntchito kwambiri. kupezeka pa kuwomba utali wozungulira 10 mm 35 m, mamita 25 - 75 mm, ndi 50 mamita - 160 mm.

Nkhondowo mlingo PM

Malinga ndi mlingo chenichenicho cha PM ndi mmene otsika ku PP, koma wakhala anazindikira zinthu zabwino chifukwa cha zinthu zina zambiri ndi zaka zoposa makumi asanu, akhala mu utumiki mu Russia, ndi izi ndi mofanana ndi trehlineykoy wotchuka (Sniper mfuti Mosin, amene wakhala mu utumiki ndi Russian Army kuchokera 1881 kuti 1945). Ngakhale dongosolo Nagant mfuti pang'ono kuposa iwo, iye anakhala mu utumiki ndi Army pafupifupi 117 zaka. States amene alibe zida kupanga sukulu, basi kutali ndi akubera PM.

Tsopano anayamba m'malo pang'onopang'ono wa PM mu bokosi la makalata. Nkhondowo mlingo poyerekeza ndi PM mfuti Yarigina ali kusiyana mu zipolopolo 5 pa mphindi (35 Y 30 Y ndi IL PM) alinso awiri mzere olandirira makalata sitolo (18 zipolopolo ndi 8 PM) ndi Kulondola wa kuwombera. mathamangidwe kuipanikiza AEs pamwamba 100 m / gawo. Komabe, IL penapake kwambiri (198 mm m'litali pa 168 ndi PM) komanso wolemera (AEs kulemera - 910 ga ndi magazini kanthu, 100 ga kuposa kulemera kwa PM ndi magazini zonse).

Pali awiri chizindikiro mlingo wa: luso ndi asilikali. Luso Mungasankhe zipolopolo ambiri pa mphindi akhoza kumasula chida, kupatulapo nthawi chofunika kudzutsa mphamvu ndi pamaso (zomwe siyana kuchokera masekondi 1.5 kuchokera handguns, kuti 20-30 gawo pa nsonga antiaircraft mfuti mu yopingasa ndi ofukula).

Kuona zimene mlingo wa nkhondowo PM mfuti 9 mm, mu kuchita, ayenera kutengedwa ngati mwayi arrow ndi nyengo, nthawi zambiri kuwonjezera nthawi wofunikila aiming. Wapakati kwa mfuti onse theka-zodziwikiratu: zipolopolo 30-40 pa mphindi. APS (Stechkin basi mfuti) amapereka kanjedza 40/90 bps (kuwombera akatemera limodzi ndi bursts, motero). Choncho nkhondowo mlingo wa PM amadalira kwambiri pa singano ndi nthawi chofunika kusunga kusintha.

Malinga ndi mlingo wa PM, komanso CT, kuposa lotha mfuti Nagant dongosolo, ngakhale yotsirizira awiri Mabaibulo kulibe, msilikali ndi wapolisi. Mu 'mfuti' akapitawo kumeneko kudziletsa cocking chipangizo. Komabe, zida onse operekedwa Russia, ndi yofanana: kudalilika ndi chomasuka ntchito, kuphweka kwa nyengo yoipa (ngakhale sichimachotsa kufunika kuyeretsa), komanso mkulu maintainability. Panali zosiyana ndi Makarov mfuti. Price komanso wakhala yovomerezeka, ngakhale "mfuti" ndipo anafuna kupanga ake si kwambiri antchito oyenerera.