Kuwira chipinda: mfundo ya ntchito, dera chipangizo. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa chipinda kuwira

Back mu m'ma 20 kupangidwa kuwira chipinda - chipangizo chimene mwakhama ntchito kuyan'ana microparticles. Nthawi zambiri yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asayansi amene anaona microcosm. Ngakhale lero, ngakhale chitukuko yaikulu kwambiri luso ndi kupezeka kwa masensa zosiyanasiyana pakompyuta, ana kusonyeza zithunzi za particles anapanga ntchito thovu.

Mmene panali kamera

Monga momwe taonera pamwambapa, mu m'ma 20, ndi kuyambitsa akuwonekera. Ndipo onse chifukwa chakuti asayansi thupi akhoza sakwanitsa kufufuza particles mlandu zoyesera alipo. Pa nthawi imeneyo, aliyense ankadziwa mmene purotoni, nyutironi, elekitironi ndi positron. Mu 1950, kuthetsa nkhani chinkhoswe D. Glaser. Asayansi akuyesa ntchito zosiyanasiyana onse mankhwala ndi thupi, magetsi ndi madzi komanso kutembenuka olimba. Koma anaganiza kukhala pa chodabwitsa madzi, kukhala yeniyeni kwambiri, pa mfundo za ntchito osakaniza kutenthedwa. zofunika zazikulu zimene Donald atapereka kwa chidali chifuniro chake - mkulu poyankha liwiro, amene amalola mumpanda tinthu mu chithunzi pa nthawi yoyenera. Kumene, kuwira chipinda ndi chipinda mtambo ndi chinachake chofanana. Koma pali kusiyana, zomwe ife Ndipotu, kulankhula pa.

Kuwira chipinda: mfundo kanthu

Madzimadzi ntchito ntchito ngati efa diethyl, amene anali ndi mwayi monga mtengo wotsika. Komanso akhoza zopezera mtundu woyera popanda vuto. Mfundo yofunika ndi kutenthetsa madzi izi kutentha kuwira (1400 madigiri Celsius) ndi ndiye utakhazikika kwa firiji. Panthawi imeneyi, nkhani nyukiliya wabweretsedwa, mwachitsanzo cobalt, kenako ndi imeneyi pafupifupi 60 masekondi, madzimadzi ntchito zithupsa. Kamodzi miniti kotheka kugwila kayendedwe ka particles pa chithunzi.

amasonyeza zonse bwino Glazer ntchito makamera awiri, la galasi zovuta ndi kudzazidwa ndi efa. Kutentha anali kuchitidwa kusamba mafuta, ndi kuthamanga akhoza adatchithisira ntchito khasu. Panthawi imeneyi kamera adzakhala anapezerapo. Wapakati mlingo chimango anali za 3000 pa mphindi. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti akagwire lamulo la tinthu ziwiya. Kenako kuwira m'chipinda anali pang'ono makina, koma mfundo opaleshoni akanali yemweyo. Nthawi zambiri iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito Geiger kauntala, moti kuwutsata maonekedwe cheza.

Kuwira chipinda: chipangizo

Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane pang'ono za zimene chidali chifuniro pano. Nthawi zambiri, chotengera ichi ndi mazenera angapo ang'onoang'ono. Komiti wodzazidwa ndi madzi wapadera ndipo anaika m'munda maginito. Gwiritsani ntchito kufinya pamwamba mumlengalenga. Nthawi zina cryostat ntchito, chimene chinali chofunikira kwa kuziziritsa ndi ntchito madzi (GC), zilonda pa otsika kutentha. Nthawi yomweyo isanachitike kumasulidwa kwa zinthu nyukiliya ku accelerator ndi depressurized m'zipinda, ndipo alandira koopsa madzi. Chirichonse chomwe chiri ndi mlandu pa njira yake masamba thovu la madzi otentha. Pakuti mokwanira akukwaniritsa zimene zochepa za microsecond a. M'kamphindi thovu anakhala dongosolo la udzakwaniritsidwa kwambiri. Pounikira nyali komanso atatu makamera, amene sitiriyo yakanema.

Mbali yomaliza zimenezo

Pa chomaliza kunachitidwa kusanthula zovuta ndi njira yodutsamo a mlandu khalidwe la particles nyukiliya. Pali milandu pamene SE processing anachita mwa masiku angapo, koma anawachitira kwa miyezi ingapo. Mukakonza mwauzimu, ndi zimasonyeza ndime ya elekitironi ndi. Otchedwa "pulagi" ikunenedwa pamaso pa particles ndale. Nthawi zambiri zochokera deta analandira 3-zithunzi mosamala kuyeza kuyenda njira yodutsamo zinthu. Ngati inu kutsindikiza kubwezeretsa kwathunthu chithunzi, zinali zotheka kuti akonze atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena chithunzi. Poyamba, chidachitika ndi asayansi, koma phunziro limeneli akhoza kutenga zaka. zinthu zinasintha ndi kubwera kwa makompyuta, yomwe inapita patsogolo kwambiri njira.

Pa ubwino wa ntchito mtundu wa kamera

Monga taonera, chipangizo mogwirizana ndi mfundo ya kanthu pang'ono ngati Kutulukira Wilson. Koma pali ubwino. Ubwino kwambiri akhoza amatengedwa kuti ndi liwiro opaleshoni, lomwe n'kutheka mukhoza kukonza pa chithunzi chidwi chodabwitsa.

Ubwino wina kwagona kuti madzimadzi ntchito ntchito zinthu flowable ndi mkulu osalimba. Izo kwambiri kumawonjezera mwayi kuti zidzachitika mu chochitika sing'anga ankamuyembekezera. Kodi ubwino chipinda kuwira, kotero kuti vuto la ntchito wake amatenga nthawi yochepa. chizindikiro ichi ndi chabe chofunika ntchito chipangizo mu accelerators a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Koopsa madzi akhoza zopezera mofulumira ndithu, ayenera yekha kuchepetsa kuthamanga mu dongosolo. Apa, mfundo zonse za ubwino yaikulu pogwiritsa.

A pang'ono za zolakwa za

Monga momwe taonera kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino, tsopano pali chiwerengero chachikulu masensa zosiyanasiyana pakompyuta, molondola mkulu kupeza zinthu pa liwilo kusankha zinthu mukufuna kudziwa awo chithunzi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena. Ndi mu understeer ndi kuipa yaikulu ya chipinda kuwira. Monga ulamuliro, ambiri zotsatira ndi wopanda chidwi sayansi, koma kuti achotse zosafunika mu chithunzi, zingatenge nthawi yaitali. sangathe wina ndi chipangizo si zotheka kuti nthawi yomweyo kukhazikitsa, makamaka, ichi ndi chifukwa inertia wa madzimadzi ntchito, ndipo magawo ena. Mfundo zolakwa tidadzatulukira, tiyeni tipite patsogolo.

Kumbali luso

Pa ntchito njira ya kupeza particles adawalamulira iwo anawalemba makope oposa 100 zipinda kuwira. Panthawi imeneyi, timagwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zakumwa, monga helium, wa hydrogen, freon, xenon, propane ndi ena. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi kutentha, amene anayamba ndipo zinatha otsika kwambiri m'nyumba wagawo kwa Xenon. "Gargamel" - otsiriza kuwira chipinda, dera si mwapadera anthu ena. Koma m'chipinda wake anasefukira ndi pafupifupi 18 matani Freon. chipangizo ichi amaloledwa kupanga kutsegula lalikulu panthawi - zimachitika pakati pa mfundo ndale. The chitsanzo waukulu anali ndi awiri mamita 4.5. Chipangizo anafuna kuti ntchito ndi wa hydrogen. Koma vuto linali chakuti kuyambitsa boosters latsopano limene inakhazikitsa matabwa a particles nyukiliya pa liwilo, choncho palibe zipinda kuwira ali salinso kupirira.

Mfundo zofunika

M'pofunikanso powasamalira chakuti panopa deta kamera si ntchito. Pafupifupi onse ndalemba kuchokera nkhanizi, koma kunapezeka, kusankha kuchita zimenezi kunali msanga. Mu 2002, particles atsopano otchedwa pentakvarty anatseguka ntchito thovu. Koma kachiwiri uyu si chifukwa cha maphunziro a chaka chomwecho, ndi zithunzi mayeso wagawo analandira zaka zambiri zapitazo. Iwo akunena kuti mungapeze zinthu zabwino zimene zachitika kale.

Komanso, kompyuta mphamvu zamakono patali kuti processing wa chithunzi chilichonse adzasiya nthawi yochepa kwambiri. Mfundo mphamvu ya mtundu uwu wa njanji chowunikira panopa otsika kwambiri, choncho m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito kusakhala nawo iwo, koma kamodzi deta experimental kungakhale kothandiza lero.

Pomaliza

Chabwino, ndizo zonse zimene tinganene kuti zipinda zimenezi kuwira. The chipangizo dera ndi wosavuta, monga onse mwaluso. M'pofunikanso n'kunena mawu ochepa za dzuwa za magetsi amenewa kumadalira kukula. Ikuluikulu chipinda bwino mwayi kupeza zinthu zothandiza. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa kukula kumawonjezera mtengo wa katundu ndi madzimadzi ntchito, omwe ali ndi ndalama chidwi mwaunyinji. Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe kuwira chipinda, mfundo zomwe zachokera madzi ukagwira. Amenewa wakhala anaphunzira kutali, kotero panopa ankaona kuti zimatulutsa zogwirizana pakompyuta amene amakhoza bwino kuposa m'zonse.