Mabuku ndi chiyani? Tanthauzo. The mitundu ikuluikulu ndi Mitundu

M'nkhani ino tikambirana chiyani mabuku, kodi zinthu zikuluzikulu, masitaelo ndi Mitundu.

tanthawuzo

Aliyense akudziwa zomwe zili mabuku. M'lingaliro yotakata, ndi - achikhalire a malemba amene analembedwa ndi munthu. Koma ambiri a mabuku amatanthauza mawonekedwe a zojambulajambula, amene waukulu ntchito - kulemba zosemasema. Komabe, izi ndi yopapatiza kwambiri kumvetsa mawu. Literature ndi journalistic, asayansi nzeru zaumunthu, chipembedzo. Ophunzira a m'nthawi ya Homer, mwachitsanzo, ndi zosangalatsa chomwecho kuwerenga kuti "Aeneid" Virgil ndi lonena "Pa Nature Zinthu," Lucretius. Koma otsutsa mu zaka 1820, anazindikira zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za prose Russian "chiphunzitso Experience msonkho" N. Turgenev ndi "History wa Russian State" Karamzin. Onse ntchito zimenezi m'njira masiku ano m'mabuku sizikhudza, koma siti kuwaletsa katswiri.

Lingaliro la "Literature" ali katundu angapo zaka zoposa kukhala sichinasinthe.

analembadi

Literature ankaona okha malemba oyambirira. Iwo akhoza kukhala anonymous (analengedwa ndi wolemba osadziwika) ndi gulu (olembedwa ndi gulu lina la anthu). mfundo zimenezi n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa kukhalapo kwa wolemba amapereka akamaliza malemba. Munthu ayika mathero ndipo potero amasonyeza malire a ntchito analenga, umene tsopano mumakhala nokha. Apo ayi, izi zili choncho, mwachitsanzo, ndi malemba folklore. Aliyense angathe kuwonjezera chinachake pandekha, kusintha, kulemba mfundo. Ndipo palibe munthu akhoza kuika siginecha chidutswa cha dziko lino. mabuku ndi chiyani? lemba ili wolemba ndi.

mawu amene

malemba olembedwa okha amatanthauza mabuku. Oral mwambo mu mtundu uwu wa luso sikuthandiza. M'nthano zonse wapereka pakamwa m'kamwa, zikhoza kukhala pa pepala, koma si la wolemba Baibulo nonliterary malemba. Masiku ano, pali kuchotserapo kuti lamulo limeneli, otchedwa milandu Transitional. Alipo mu zikhalidwe mtundu wa anthu, amene mkubwela kwa kulemba zilipodi ofalitsa amene ntchito analengedwa mu mawonekedwe a m'kamwa, olembedwa yomweyo amaloŵamo fixation. malemba amaonedwa kukhala zolembalemba. Choncho, ife kumvetsa bwino kwambiri zimene mabuku. Ndi Mawu amene analengedwa ndi wolemba enieni.

mawu

Akuti m'mabuku amene analengedwa ntchito mawu a chinenero anthu. malemba awa si m'derali amalambira motsatira miyambo ndi kupanga, imene chigawo wapakamwa zimakhudza ku zithunzi, nyimbo kapena ena. Opera kapena nyimbo - osati mbali ya mabuku. Komabe, nthawi zambiri mu nthawi yathu, kotero kuti nyimbo ndi mawu ntchito analengedwa ndi wolemba chomwecho. Kodi chomveka amaonedwa monga mabuku, monga ndakatulo Vysotsky kukhala nyimbo - zovuta kunena. Komano, ndi nthano "The Little Prince" Saint Exupery ndi zovuta kungotchulapo ntchito mabuku chifukwa chakuti mbali yofunika kwambiri pazochitika ndi wolemba Mwachitsanzo lemba.

mtengo chikhalidwe

Kuti potsiriza azindikira kuti mabukuwa, tiyenera kuganizira muyezo wina. Sanalinso wa kapangidwe ka lemba, koma ntchito yake. Zomwe analemba amaonedwa kukhala timva kuti tanthauzo chikhalidwe, ndiko kuti, essays sukulu, zolemba munthu, makalata boma zokhudzana ndi mabuku satero. lamulo limeneli lili ndi zosiyana. Ngati makalata kapena zolemba lolembedwa ndi mlembi wa chidwi (olemba, asayansi, andale, ndi ena.) Ndipo kuunikira ntchito yake yolenga, ndiye pa nthawi iwo kukhala ndi udindo wa ntchito zolembalemba. Mwachitsanzo, Sergeya Esenina ndi blog kalekale madambwe onse ndi kusindikizidwa limodzi ndi ntchito zina ndakatulo iyi.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya

Literature ndi luso zopelekedwa, memoir, sayansi kapena otchuka sayansi ndi maphunziro, luso ndi Buku. Zopeka, mosiyana ndi anzake ena a mitundu yake, ali ndi kutchulidwa lathu zokongoletsa. Ndi zopeka wolemba amafuna kuuza owerenga mfundo wake, ndipo nthawi zina kuchereza iye.

Ngakhale kale kwambiri, wakale Greece dzina Aristotle mu "Poetics" anagawa katundu zonse mu magulu atatu: sewero, lyric ndi yadzaoneni. Mu mabuku kenako European anawoloka Mitundu ambiri: buku, elegy, Zotengera, ode, ndakatulo, matsoka sewero lanthabwala. Drama anaonekera kokha m'zaka XVIII. Polemba chinenero chitukuko mabuku silimatha. Masiku ano, timawerenga ofufuza nkhani yopeka, thrillers, kanthu, "zoopsa" ndi mabuku zina zosangalatsa. Literature lero chimafikira osati pa pepala komanso kudzera owona kompyuta pa kompyuta.

mabuku Russian

Literature unali wofunika kwambiri pa moyo ndale wa Russia. Mu boma kumene anthu ŵakusanga sanathe momasuka maganizo awo ndi malingaliro, izi luso wakhala ngati vavu chitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za m'ma XIX Chirasha ndi mabuku anakakamizika khalidwe journalistic. Ambiri kuwerenga olemba anali zopelekedwa Opanga filimuyi ndi atolankhani. Wotsutsa V. G. Belinsky, popanda kulemba moyo wanga buku lililonse, nkhani kapena play, wakhala wotchuka kwambiri angathe kuwaŵerenga wolemba.

Atangomva ndi mphamvu ya mtsogoleri kapena mfumu mu Russia mwanjira ali ndi zochepa, dziko anatchedwa "mapeto lalikulu la mabuku" (vv Rozanov). Kotero izo zinali mu 1910, pamene Russia poyamba ufumu aphungu, ngati dziko anakumana cha mma 1990, pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR.

Russian chakale mabuku - wina chidwi kwambiri ndi ambiri kuwerenga mu dziko. Tolstoy, Nikolai Gogol, Pushkin, F. Dostoevsky - olamulira anavomereza mawu akuti luso.