Mafunso otani amene akuyankhidwa ndi madera ano? Udindo ndi chitukuko cha georgafii zamakono

Mawu akuti "madera" ndi Chigiriki amatanthauza "padziko oterowo." sayansi, mmene anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zinachokera kalelo. Poyamba, iye amagwiranso ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuposa tsopano. mafunso otani amene akuyankhidwa ndi madera ano? Chomwe izo zimachita ndi mavuto kodi lingathetsedwe bwanji? Tiyeni tiyese kuzilingalira izo.

Geography dzulo

Bwino kwa ife zochitika zachilengedwe, zochitika (monga mvula, mphepo ndi chivomerezi) wodabwa kwambiri anthu akale. Iwo sakanakhoza kufotokoza anachokera, choncho adawopa. Pambuyo pake, anthu anatulukira yekha milungu, amene iwo akukhulupirira anali udindo zinthuzo.

Akukhulupirira kuti sayansi ya madera "inatulukiridwa" wakale Greek katswiri Eratosthenes mu zaka za zana lachitatu BC. Ancient madera lakwaniritsa kwambiri. Makamaka, mapu ambiri anali analemba, ndondomeko ya mfundo mtima, atapereka malangizo a mawonekedwe a Dziko Lapansi ndi matabwa ake mkati, zoyesayesa woyamba zinalengedwa kuyeza magawo a dzikoli. Yotsatira kwadzidzidzi adzatumpha mu chitukuko cha madera kale mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Eratosthenes, Herodotus, Claudius Ptolemy, Mercator Gerhard, Karl Ritter, dzina lake Aleksandr Gumboldt, Mikhail Lomonosov, Vladimir Vernadsky - maina awa onse alembedwa makalata golide m'mbiri ya mapiri ake.

mafunso otani amene akuyankhidwa ndi madera ano? Ndipo kodi khalidwe yake yeniyeni ndi sayansi? Tikambirana zina.

madera lero

Modern madera - nzeru za kufalitsidwa kwa zochitika zachilengedwe ndi umoyo ndi zachuma m'malere. Iwo amaphunzira ubale chikhalidwe ndi munthu, limalangiza mmene mungagwiritsire ntchito pagulu la dziko lathuli.

Chitukuko cha madera ano kumachitika mogwirizana ndi khalidwe ena: sayansi, zachuma, umagwirira, mbiri, kuwerenga maganizo ndi zina zotero. Inde, ndipo tsopano wasanduka kuipidwa ndi yaikulu dongosolo ndi ntchito sayansi mafakitale.

Ambiri, zintchito masiku ano yagawidwa m'magawo awiri akuluakulu:

• madera thupi (akuyendayenda zinangokhalako zokha ndi zochitika).
• Ndi zachuma madera (anthu kuphunzira ndi ntchito zachuma a anthu).

Kodi madera ano?

Geography, komanso sayansi wina aliyense, ikupita patsogolo ndi osauka. Komabe, iwo anapitiriza chidaliro cha zomwe la asayansi ya nyengo zapitazi. Makamaka mfundo za kafukufuku wa njira mu mawu a causality, kuikidwa Ritter ndi Humboldt, kufufuza mu maphunziro ano m'mayiko ambiri.

mafunso otani amene akuyankhidwa ndi madera ano? Ngati kale kuti anali kufunafuna mayankho kwenikweni kuti "kumene?" Lero ndi chidwi ndi vuto la "chifukwa" ndi "?".

Today pali mumaganiza ziwiri zazikulu mu chitukuko cha sayansi lawolawo. Choyamba - ichi ndi greening wa maphunziro ake onse. Lachiwiri kuti madera mu masiku anthu positi-mafakitale wayamba ntchito. Iwo ayamba kutchuka kwa gawo ake payekha - otchedwa njira madera. Zakhala kuphunzira katundu wa chilengedwe Hrs, komanso yotani zimakhudza awo pa anthu.

Mu masiku ano ongolankhula madera Kutsutsana kwambiri mkangano chifukwa mavuto otsatirawa:

• vuto la chinthu umodzi wa phunziro;
• vuto la mgwirizano wa madera;
• vuto la maziko nthanthi ya Geography;
• othandiza vuto la sayansi ndi ena.

sayansi Geographical zoona, wakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi ziwiri ndi theka zaka chikwi. Koma lero, ambiri asayansi funso lakuti: kapena kuonetsetsa sayansi onse? Kodi malo a kumanja kukhalapo mu zenizeni masiku ano? nkhani akhala maganizo.

Makamaka, pamalo geographers ano anamva mawu monga "malo", "geosystem", "Geopolitics", "njira" ndi zina zotero. N.

Pomaliza ...

Udindo wa madera m'dziko masiku ano aakulu. Ndipotu m'zaka za m'ma XXI, amaona Lapansi osati monga dziko lachitatu kuchokera Sun, ndipo monga nyumba, kunyumba kwa anthu mabiliyoni asanu. Ndipo madera kuti lero kuposa amachita ina sayansi ndi vuto la kukhathamiritsa ubale "munthu - chilengedwe" dongosolo.

mafunso otani amene akuyankhidwa ndi madera ano? Lero, iye akufunafuna mayankho osati funso ake chikhalidwe "komwe?". Nayenso amayesera kuti afotokoze za "chifukwa" ndi "?" Afunzisa anthu zomveka ntchito mphatso zachilengedwe.