Mafupa a fupa: anatomy waumunthu

Skull, Lat. Krani, ndi mafupa a mutu. Iye amachita ntchito zazikulu ziwiri. Ndi iye yemwe ali wolandirira ndi woteteza ubongo ndi malingaliro monga kuona, kumva, kununkhira, kulawa ndi kulingalira. Pachiyambi, maulumikizano oyambirira a machitidwe opuma ndi operekera zakudya amachokera. Monga lamulo, mafupa a fupa a anatomy m'Chilatini akufotokozera malingaliro abwino padziko lonse lapansi.

Makhalidwe a chigaza

Mpumulo wachangu ndi wovuta kwambiri. M'zinthu za bony sizingaliro chabe, komanso ziwalo zingapo zazikulu, kupyolera mwa njira zapadera ndi kutseguka kupyola mitsempha ndi ziwiya zosiyanasiyana. Lili ndi mafupa 23, asanu ndi atatu omwe ali pawiri ndipo asanu ndi awiri alibe. Zina mwazo zimakhala zosalala, zowonongeka ndi mafupa osakanikirana a chigaza, kutengera kwake kumaganizira za kugwirizana kwawo, pamene iwo pamodzi amapanga umodzi umodzi.

Anatomy ya fupa la fupa la munthu limagawidwa m'magulu awiri: ubongo ndi nkhope. Aliyense ali ndi ntchito zake komanso makhalidwe ake. Tsitsi la ubongo (chikondwerero chachi Latin) ndi lalikulu kwambiri ndipo lili pamwamba pa nkhope (crane viscerale). Zimasunthira mu fupa lonse ndizitali chabe.

Taganizirani za mafupa a chigaza cha ubongo. Anatomy imasiyanitsa mawonekedwe a occipital, kutsogolo, mawonekedwe a mphete, osakanikirana, osakwatiwa komanso osakanikirana ndi mafupa awo, komanso malumikizano awo.

Mmene khungu la nkhope likuonekera likudziwika ndi:

- mafupa a masticatory chipangizo - m'munsi ndi nsagwada, kumtunda kutchula mafupa a bony;

- mafupa, omwe pamphuno ndi pamlomo zimapangidwira, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mimba imodzi, pamimba , pamphuno, m'matumbo, pa zygomatic mafupa ndi m'munsi mwa mchere.

Kugwirizana

Ndikofunika kuganizira mafupa a fupa ndi ziwalo zawo. Anthu amatha kuphunzira nawo payekha komanso pa zovuta. Ambiri mwa mafupa a chigaza akugwirizanitsidwa. Chinthu chokhacho ndicho mthunzi wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa pansi ndi fupa lophiphiritsira lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi minofu ndi mitsempha.

Zitsulo zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zigawo zonse pamodzi ndizosiyana kwambiri. Maonekedwe ndi mafupa a phokosoli amadziwika ndi dentate, scaly ndi mapafupi. Pansi pa chigaza, ziwalozo ndizokhalitsa kapena zosakhalitsa, zomwe zimatchedwa synchondrosis. Ma sutures amatchulidwa ndi mafupa omwe amagwirizana nawo (stony-occipital, cuneate-frontal) kapena malo ndi mawonekedwe (lambdoid, sagittal).

Tsabola la ubongo

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane mafupa a chigaza cha ubongo: mafupa ndi ziwalo za mafupa. Gawoli likhoza kugawa mbali ziwiri zofunika: maziko (Latin maziko) ndi chipinda (Latin calvaria), yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa denga la chigaza.

Chodziwikiratu cha malowa ndi chakuti mafupa ake amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa mbale ndi kunja kwapopi ndi mankhwala oponyera pakati pawo. Diploma imakhala ndi njira zambiri zamaboma ndi zitsulo zamagulu. Mbalame yosalala yowongoka imakhala ndi nthawi yozungulira. Chipinda chamkati chimakhala chosasunthika komanso chosasunthika, ndipo ntchito ya periosteum imachitidwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba cha ubongo. M'pofunika kudziwa kuti ndi kuvulala, kupunthwa kwa mbale yamkati kungathe kuchitika popanda kuwonongeka kwa mbale ya kunja.

Pustule mu msoko muli malo ophatikizana kwambiri ndi mafupa, ndipo m'malo ena kugwirizana kuli kovuta, choncho mkati mwa fupa pali subperiosteal space. M'malo amenewa, nthawi zina pali ziwindi kapena zilonda.

Kuphatikiza apo, mafupa a fupa amatha kupatulira m'mlengalenga ndi osakhala m'mlengalenga. Mu dipatimenti ya ubongo, mafupa otsogolera amatchulidwa ngati mafupa am'mbali, am'mbali, amodzi, ndi amphongo. Iwo ankatchedwa choncho chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zingwe zodzaza ndi mlengalenga ndipo zinkakhala ndi mucous membrane.

Palinso mabowo m'dagawa omwe amayenera kupita ku mitsempha ya nthumwi. Amagwirizanitsa mitsempha yowongoka ndi mazenera odzaza ndi obisala, omwe amapita mu chipolopolo cholimba cha ubongo. Mkulu kwambiri mu ubongo wa cranium ndi mastoid ndi parietal orifice.

Kufotokozera za kapangidwe ka mafupa akulu a ubongo

Phungu lililonse la chigaza liri ndi magawo angapo, omwe ali ndi maonekedwe awo ndi mawonekedwe ake, akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi ziwonetsero, ndondomeko, mapiri, zisonga, mabowo, mizere, machimo ndi zina zotero. Ambiri amaimira mafupa onse a atomu achilengedwe.

Miyala ya Arch

Mphuno yakutsogolo (mbali ya mbali ya Latin Latin) mumapangidwe ake ili ndi mbali yamphongo ndi yodalirika komanso mamba. Alibe malipiro. Zimapanga mbali yachitsulo chachitsulo ndikugwira nawo ntchito yopanga anterior cranial fossa ndi maulendo.

Thupi la occipital (Latin os occipitale) silinayende bwino, lomwe lili pambali ya chigaza. Amagawidwa mu gawo la basilar, masikelo a occipital ndi ziwalo ziwiri zotsatila. Zigawozi zimaphatikizapo dzenje lalikulu, lotchedwa occipital (Latin foramen magnum).

Mdima wamdima wakuda (Latin os parientale) umapanga magawo a chigaza chapamwamba pamwamba pa chigoba chachikulu. Pambuyo pa mafupa awiriwa ozungulira pamphepete mwachitsulo, gwirizananani wina ndi mnzake. Mtsinje otsalawo amatchedwa kutsogolo, scaly ndi occipital.

Bone Foundation

Nthenda yamphongo yamphongo (lat Os Os temporale) ili pa khoma lolowera pamunsi pa chigaza. Kumbuyoko ndi fupa la occipital, ndi kutsogolo - kamangidwe kakang'ono. Gawani fupa ili piramidi (miyala), zida ndi zidutswa. Ndili pano kuti ziwalo zoyenera ndi kumva zilipo.

Ziwiya zingapo ndi mitsempha yambiri imadutsa mumtambo wamphongo. Amaphatikizapo ngalande zingapo: osabisala, nkhope, drum, kugona, ndodo, mastoid, musculoskeletal, meat interiororyus, nkhono ngalande ndi madzi a nyumbayo.

Fupa la sphenoid (Latin os sphenoidale) lili pakatikati pa chigaza, chofunikira pakupanga zigawo zake zowonjezera, ndipo zimapanganso maenje ndi mitsempha yambiri. Alibe malipiro. Zili ndi mapiko akuluakulu, ang'onoang'ono, ndi pterygoid.

Latticed bone (Latin os ethmoidale) ikugwira nawo ntchito yopanga orbit ndi nasal cavity. Amagawidwa m'matope ndi penti lopangidwa ndi labyrinths. Nsonga za mitsempha yapamwamba imadutsa pamtunda wa trellis. Mu trellis labyrinth pali maselo odzazidwa ndi mlengalenga, ndime zamkati zimadutsamo ndi malo ogulitsira zinyama zilipo.

Mitsempha ya chigaza cha nkhope

Pali mafupa ambiri m'thumba la nkhope kusiyana ndi ubongo. Pano pali 15. Zopanda mphamvu ndizo fupa la hyoid, mphutsi, ndi chifuwa chakumunsi. Mafupa otsalirawo ali pawiri: m'munsi mwa mchere wamphongo, m'mphuno, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine ndi nsagwada. Mwa izi, nsagwada yokhayo imatanthawuza mafupa okhala ndi mpweya, omwe ali ndi mphasa ndi nembanemba ndi mpweya.

Nthawi zambiri mafupa amenewa amapanga nkhope. Amaganizira momwe chikhadabo chimakhalira, ntchito za mafupa okhaokha, koma zonsezi. Mu khungu la nkhope, mutha kusiyanitsa maulendo, pakamwa ndi mphuno, kumene kuli ziwalo zofunika, nsagwada. Makoma a mitsempha ali ndi mazenera ndi ming'alu ya mitsempha ndi zitsulo, komanso mothandizidwa ndi kuyankhulana kwa mitsempha imapezeka pakati pawo.

Tsamba la nkhope: zoboola zofunikira kwambiri

Zojambula pamaso zidaikidwa kuti zikhazikike m'magulu awo a maso ndi minofu, kunyezimira glands ndi zina. Zofunika ndizowoneka, zowonongeka, zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka, zozizira zam'mwamba ndi zochepetsetsa, zapansi ndi zam'mbali zotsalira, zowoneka ngati fupa ndi zobvala za supraorbital.

M'mphepete mwa mphuno, chombo chokhala ndi peyala, choana, ngalande yopanda phokoso komanso chingwe chopanda phokoso, mazira a wedge-palatal ndi amphongo ndi matsegulidwe a mtengo wa trellis amadziwika. M'kamwa pamlomo muli phokoso lalikulu la palatal ndi lachisawawa, lotseguka lalikulu ndi laling'ono.

Komanso mu kapangidwe ka khungu la nkhope, m'pofunika kuzindikira kupezeka kwa ndime zamkati (m'munsi, pakati ndi pamwamba), kuphatikizapo uchimo ndi machimo amodzi.

Kufotokozera za mawonekedwe a mafupa akuluakulu a nkhope

Nsagwada yapamwamba (lat. Maxilla) imatanthawuza mafupa amodzi. Zimapangidwa ndi thupi ndi zygomatic, kutsogolo, palatine ndi masomphenya.

Mphuno ya palatine (Latin os palatinum), pokhala awiri, imachita nawo mapangidwe a pterygo-palatine fossa, malaya olimba ndi orbit. Amagawidwa m'mipando yopanda malire ndi zowonongeka ndi zitatu: ndondomeko yozungulira, ophthalmic ndi pyramidal.

Pansi kumtambo concha (Chilatini concha nasalis wochepa), kwenikweni, ndi woonda mbale, makamaka anapindika. Zili ndi njira zitatu m'mphepete mwazitali: zonunkhira, zotsekedwa ndi maxillary. Awa ndi fupa lamapasa.

Kutsegulira (Latin vomer) ndi mbale ya fupa yomwe imayenera kupanga mapangidwe a nsomba zam'madzi. Mpfupa ulibe mphamvu.

Pfupa la nasal (Latin os nasale) ndilofunika kuti apange mphuno yamphuno ndi mapangidwe a peyala. Pfupa limeneli limatanthawuza pawiri.

Tsaya fupa (Latin os zygomaticum) ndilofunika kulimbikitsa fupa la nkhope, mothandizidwa kugwirizanitsa mafupa am'nyengo, kutsogolo ndi maxillary. Ndiwothamanga. Zimagawidwa m'malo ozungulira, ophthalmic ndi temporal.

Phokoso la lacrimal (Latin os lacrimale) la khoma lakumapeto kwa mphambano ndi gawo loyamba. Awa ndi fupa lamapasa. Ili ndi chimwala cham'mbuyo cham'mbuyo ndi tchire taardrop.

Mafupa okhudza nkhope

Kenaka, ganizirani mafupa a magazi, zomwe zimasiyana kwambiri ndi zina zonse.

Nsagwada ya m'munsi (Latin mandibula) ndi fupa losasunthika. Ndi iye yemwe ali fupa lokha lachigaza limene liri ndi mafoni. Zili ndi magawo atatu: thupi ndi nthambi ziwiri.

Nthenda ya hyoid (Latin os hyoideum) ilibe mphamvu, yomwe ili m'kati mwa khosi, mbali inayo ili pamtambo, ndipo ina - larynx. Amagawidwa m'thupi lamtunduwu ndipo amapanga mapiritsi - nyanga zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Pachigaza ichi fupa limaphatikizapo minofu ndi mitsempha, ndipo imagwirizananso ndi khola.

Miyeso ya kukula kwa chigaza

Ngakhalenso mayesero pamtundu wa fupa la fupa amaonedwa ngati munthu wamkulu, ndikofunikira kudziwa za mapangidwe a chigaza. Asanatenge mawonekedwe ake omaliza, chigaza chimadutsa magawo ena awiri. Poyamba ndi membranous, ndiye cartilaginous, ndipo pokhapokha mafupawo ayambira. Pachifukwa ichi, magawowo akuyendayenda pang'ono. Zitsulo zonse zitatuzi zimadutsa mafupa a chigaza ndi mbali ya nkhope, mbali zonsezi zimakhala zovuta. Pachifukwa ichi, chitsanzo cha cartilaginous sichingakhale ndi fupa lonse, koma gawo lake basi, ndipo zina zonse zimapangidwira nthawi yomweyo kuchokera ku minofu yosagwirizana popanda khungu.

Kumayambiriro kwa gawoli, mapeto a masabata awiri akuyambilira amayamba kuganiziridwa, ndipo kuyambira miyezi iwiriyo amayamba kale kumbuyo. Ossification wa dipatimenti iliyonse imapezeka nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Choyamba, pakatikati pa ossification ikuwoneka, ndiye kuyambira pano ndondomeko ikufalikira ku kuya ndi pamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, patsiku la 39 la intrauterine chitukuko chimakhala pakati pa mthunzi wapansi, kutsegula kwa fupa la occipital mu gawo lake la basila limayamba tsiku la 65.

Mapangidwe omaliza

Pachifukwa ichi, malo osokoneza ubongo amaphatikizapo atabadwa, ndipo pano mafupa a chigaza a anatomu amafotokoza kale ndi zosavuta, chifukwa izi zingakhale zenizeni. Kwa madera ena, izi zimachitika kuyambira ali mwana: nthawi imodzi - kufikira chaka, occipital ndi nsagwada - kuyambira chaka chimodzi mpaka chinayi. Mafupa ena, mwachitsanzo zygomatic, amalize ntchitoyi kuyambira zaka 6 mpaka 16, ndi zolembedwera - kuyambira zaka 25 mpaka 30. Ponena za chitukuko chimenechi, zikhoza kunenedwa kuti mwana wakhanda ali ndi mafupa ambiri a zigaza, chifukwa zinthu zambiri zoterezi zimagwirizana ndi mafupa amodzi.

Zithunzi zina zotsala zimakhala choncho kwamuyaya. Izi zimaphatikizapo khungu la mapaundi ndi mapiko a mphuno ndi mapiri aang'ono omwe ali pansi pa chigaza.