Malamulo kuvomerezedwa

Mu malamulo adziko lonse lapansi anapereka malamulo kuvomerezedwa ndi discretionary. Gulu yamasika pachikhalidwe amataya ambiri mwa makonzedwe dongosolo. Kulola kupatuka ndi pangano mwagwirizana kutsatira nzika zawo.

Kuvomerezedwa malamulo ndi chakudya cha mphamvu apamwamba malamulo. ntchito yawo imafalira mwachindunji nkhani zonse muzochitika zones za mgwirizano. malamulo kuvomerezedwa ndi maziko onse a dongosolo alipo.

Lingaliro anali ntchito mu Article 53 wa Vienna Convention 1969. Izo zinali ndiye anatsimikizira ndi 1986 Convention. Nkhani makumi asanu atatu ali zikalata zonse, malamulo kuvomerezedwa ndi makonzedwe amene anazindikira ndi kuvomerezedwa anthu padziko lonse lonse monga kupewa zolakwika. Kusintha kwa iwo akhoza kukhala kudzera mwa udindo wotsatira mu dongosolo chonse, amene ali ndi khalidwe lomwelo.

Popeza tanthauzo pamwamba amadziwika ndi makhalidwe enieni amene ali malamulo kuvomerezedwa. Choncho, iwo akupita opita kwa anthu padziko lonse, yomwe ili nthawi yomweyo Mzimuyo udindo wawo wapadera. malamulo kuvomerezedwa ndi m'gulu la malamulo m'chilamulo ambiri padziko lonse amakhala ndi apamwamba chokakamizidwa (udindo) chifukwa zopatuka iwo sikuloledwa. Mfundo zimenezi sizikhudza limagwirira yachibadwa ntchito particularistic, dera ndi m'dera zochita. Kusintha malamulo peremptory mungathe malamulo okha ndi udindo womwewo.

misonkhano tatchulazi walembedwa ndi nthawi yeniyeni nthawi kamba kanthu. Poyerekeza ndi ena, lamulo ndi zotsatira retroactive. Choncho, malinga ndi Article 64, ngati pali makonzedwe atsopano, ina kuchita mosiyana iyo, adzakhala kutsirizitsa ndi kukhala null alionse.

Asilikali nkhani, zomwe zimasonyeza udindo wa States, wotetezedwa ulamuliro wapadera kusamalira udindo kuswa malamulo peremptory. Kulephera kutsatira dongosolo lina lililonse kukhazikitsa mtundu wa udindo ndi kuti dandaulo kwa State violator akhoza makamaka anavulala State. Ngati inu akuphwanya udindo pansi linalake peremptory, mayiko onse ayenera kugwirizana. Izi ndi zofunika popewa sanali kugwilizana ndi chakudya. Pankhaniyi, lamanja la chipani anavulala pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ziletso (countermeasures) ndi infringer sayenera kuthana ndi mukukwaniritsa zimene mapulaniwo malamulo a peremptory.

Monga mbali ina ya kalata chiyambi mwambo wa zinthu zimenezi. Mu ena mapangano chilengedwe padziko lonse (Geneva misonkhano pa ndale, ufulu, mwachitsanzo) pali machitidwe prohibitive. msinkhu wawo udindo ndi ofanana ndi malamulo a peremptory, koma iwo sali ofanana. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zakale akupita ku mayiko membala mapangano, koma dera lonse wonse.

Tikumbukenso kuti chiphunzitso cha malamulo adziko lonse lapansi alibe chimatanthauza mitundu yeniyeni ya malamulo, amene ali ndi udindo wa kuvomerezedwa. Komabe, anapatsidwa ena kufanana kwa malo, pali zingapo zomwe akhoza zimachitika gulu. machitidwe awa, makamaka, zotsatirazi: mfundo ndiponso zolinga zikuluzikulu m'chilamulo mayiko, zomwe zingalimbikitse makhalidwe abwino mu mabungwe, ophatikizidwa mbiri yakale, kuchita chikukonzekera akwaniritsa enaake a anthu pa ufulu wa chibadwidwe wa anthu ameneŵa, m'mafuko aang'ono ndi zina.