Mankhwala - ndi chiyani ichi? Gawo awo ndi magulu

Mankhwala - sayansi kuti amaphunzira zotsatira za mankhwala pa thupi la munthu, njira yopangira mankhwala atsopano. Ngakhale ku Girisi ndi ku India, mu Titafika pamalo ndi m'mphepete kum'mwera kwa Africa, anthu ayesa kuti apeze njira kulimbana ndi matendawa. Zinali m'njira ya yonse, maloto amene ndalama mayesowo.

pharmacological terminology

Medicaments - ndi zinthu kapena ma zake ndi ntchito pofuna kuchiza matenda kapena miyeso monga njira.

The mankhwala - mankhwala umene uli kale kukonzekera ntchito.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala. Izi zachitika chifukwa chomasuka ntchito ndi kuthekera kwa munthu njira mankhwalawa kwa wodwala. Komanso, kuthokoza kwa zosiyanasiyana kumasulidwa angatiombole mankhwala mu thupi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. N'kosavuta ntchito ndi odwala ndi boma chikomokere, komanso anthu amene alandira kuvulala ndipo amayaka.

List A ndi B

mankhwala onse m'magulu atatu:

- List A (ziphe);

- List B (amphamvu njira, kuphatikizapo analgesics);

- mankhwala kuti zilipo popanda dotolo.

Mankhwala a gulu la A ndi B amafuna kusintha, kotero kuti iwo mankhwala maukonde amafuna Chinsinsi wapadera. Komanso, muyenera kudziwa kumene ndi mmene kusunga mankhwala. Popeza mwina amanyoza dzuwa kapena kugula zina katundu poizoni. Njira zina, monga morphine, imvera mlandu kwambiri. Motero aliyense vial adzakhala kumamuyamwitsa pa kutha kwa ntchito kosangalatsa ndi kulowa chogwirizana mu chipika. Akutsimikizira ena mankhwala more: antipsychotics, mankhwala ochititsa dzanzi, katemera.

maphikidwe

Chinsinsi - pempho analembera dokotala kapena pharmacist pharmacist ndi pempho kugulitsa mankhwala kwa wodwalayo, kuonetsera maonekedwe, mlingo komanso njira ndi pafupipafupi ntchito. Ntchito Malo udzapereka yomweyo zachipatala, malamulo komanso kwa bukuli, ngati mankhwala kuperekedwa kwa wodwala pa maziko ŵakwenera, kapena popanda malipiro.

Pali malamulo amene nthawi malamulo wakuuzani madokotala ukatswiri osiyana, ndipo malo awo.

Mankhwala - izo si chinthu kuti akhoza kuthetsa matenda kapena zizindikiro zake, koma poizoni, kotero dokotala ayenera molondola kusonyeza mlingo wa mankhwala pa kumaliseche.

Mlingo

Mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala olembedwa ndi Arabic mawerengero kuchuluka kwa mankhwala mu misa kapena buku mayunitsi a dongosolo decimal. magalamu lonse ankasiyana koma ndi Mwachitsanzo, 1.0. Ngati zikuchokera mankhwala monga madontho, chiwerengero chawo anatchulidwa mawerengero achiroma. Ena mankhwala mopitirira mu mayiko (IU) kapena tizilombo mayunitsi (IU).

Medicaments - zinthu zikhoza kukhala mu mawonekedwe olimba, madzi kapena gaseous. Zakumwa ndi mpweya mu maphikidwe ndi mmene Botolo, mu nkhani ya inhalation, dokotala angaone mlingo mankhwala okhawo youma.

Kumapeto kwa mankhwala lidzawotchedwa yolembedwa ndi dokotala ndi kusindikiza munthu. Komanso mwachindunji deta pasipoti wodwalayo, monga dzina, Maina, tsiku lobadwa. Onetsetsani kuti mulembe deti la mankhwala ndi nthawi yake. Pali njira yapadera kulemba mankhwala kwa kuwathandiza mankhwala, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, hypnotics, antipsychotics ndi ululu. chizindikiro chawo si dokotala komanso dokotala wamkulu wa pachipatala cha anatitsimikizira chisindikizo ndi malo pamwamba wozungulira kuchipatala chisindikizo.

Ndikoletsedwa lemba Ester mu outpatient mankhwala, fentanyl, chloroethane, ketamine ndi zina soporific wothandizira. M'mayiko ambiri mu Latin mankhwala maphikidwe ndi malangizo analandira okha olembedwa mu zilankhulo kuti n'zomveka kuti wodwalayo. Pakuti mankhwala ndi ziphe zotuluka pa chilolezo zogulitsa yochepa kuti masiku asanu, mowa mankhwala - khumi, zina za zikhoza kugulidwa patapita miyezi iwiri kuyambira tsiku mankhwala a.

General gulu

Mu zinthu ziliri, pomwe pali mankhwala ambiri zachilendo gulu ndi n'kofunika kwambiri kuti azivala zosiyanasiyana awo. Chifukwa chaichi, angapo ochiritsira kalozera:

1. ntchito achire - kupanga gulu la mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchiza matenda omwewo.
2. Pharmacological kanthu - mmene mankhwala umabala mwa thupi.
3. Chemical dongosolo.
4. Nosological mfundo. Ndi yofanana ndi achire, koma kusiyana ndi zambiri yopapatiza.

Gulu m'magulu

Kumayambiriro kwa mankhwala, madokotala ayesa bungwe okha mankhwala. Gawo monga anabwera kudzera mwa akatswiri ndi druggists, analemba pa maziko a mfundo ya ntchito. Amaphatikiza magulu amenewa:

1. mankhwala Psychotropic ndi kuchita chapakati wothandizila mantha dongosolo (anxiolytics, antipsychotics, mitsempha, antidepressants, antiepileptics, odana ndi yotupa).

2. Mankhwala kuchita mantha dongosolo zotumphukira (ganglioplegic, anticholinergics)

3. m'dera mankhwala ochititsa.

4. formulations bongo mtima kamvekedwe.

5. diuretic ndi cholagogue.

6. Mankhwala zokhudza ziwalo katulutsidwe mkati ndipo thupi.

7. Maantibayotiki ndi antiseptics.

8. Anticancer mankhwala.

9. Njira kwa diagnostics (utoto, wothandizila Mosiyana, radionuclides).

Izi ndi kulekanitsidwa ndi ofanana amathandiza madokotala wamng'ono kuphunzira zambiri za mankhwala amene alipo. Gulu m'magulu kumathandiza intuitively kumvetsa limagwirira cha zochita za mlingo mankhwala ndi kukumbukira.

Gulu la dongosolo mankhwala

Mbali imeneyi ndi yabwino kwambiri kuti gulu la wothandizira antiseptic ndi antimicrobial. Kusiyanitsa bactericidal ndi mankhwala bacteriostatic. Gulu la dongosolo mankhwala chimakwirira magulu awiri amenewa. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala mankhwala amasonyeza limagwirira kanthu mankhwala ndi dzina lake.

1. Halides. Pakati pake penipeni, ndi chinthu mankhwala gulu halogen: chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo. Mwachitsanzo, antiformin, chloramine, pantotsid, iodoform ndi ena.
2. Oxidants. N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti limagwirira zochita umalimbana mapangidwe wambirimbiri ufulu oxygen. Zikuphatikizapo hydrogen peroxide, timibulu gidroperit wa permanganate potaziyamu.
3. Acid. Iwo ntchito mankhwala lalikulu zedi. Wotchuka wa iwo - salicylic acid ndi boric.
4. Soda: ndi sodium borate, bikarmint, ammonia.
5. Aldehydes. Maziko a limagwirira kanthu - luso pochotsa madzi zimakhala, kuwapanga okhwima kwambiri. Oimira - formalin Formidron, Lizoform, methenamine, urosal ethyl mowa.
6. Mchere wa zitsulo: kolorayidi mercuric, Mercury mafuta calomel, lapis, colloid siliva, sulphate mkuwa, chigamba kutsogolera okusayidi nthaka muiike Lassara neri Al.
7. Phenols. Kodi mtima ndi cauterizing tingati. Ambiri a iwo - karboliki asidi, Lysol.
8. Utoto. Ntchito njira yodziwira ndi monga irritant m'dera ndi wothandizila antibacterial. Zikuphatikizapo methylene buluu, anzeru wobiriwira, fukortsin.
9. Tars ndi resins, mwachitsanzo, Wisniewski mankhwala, mafuta Wilkinson, ichthyol, paraffin, naphthalene, Soultz. Kusintha m'dera magazi.

medicaments olimba

formulations Awa oimira zotsatirazi: mapiritsi, mapiritsi, ufa, makapisozi ndi granules ndi mankhwala ena. Khama la mawonekedwe kumasulidwa sikovuta, chifukwa n'zotheka ndi apoyera kudziwa zimene zili kutsogolo kwa inu.

Mapiritsi akamagwira ulili ufa ongokhala yogwira pophika ndi wothandiza. Kawirikawiri zimenezi opanikizika.

Dragees - ili zigawo yogwira ndi excipients, Isikariote anaumitsa padziko granules lapansi.

Ufa ndi ntchito zingapo. Iwo akhoza kumwa, kuwaza iwo mabala, kuchepetsa ndi saline ndi kubaya intramuscularly kapena kudzera m'mitsempha. Kusiyanitsa undosed ndi mlingo ufa zimene pamapeto, pali yosavuta zovuta.

makapisozi ndi gelatin chipolopolo munali madzi, granular, powdery kapena mankhwala pasty.

Granules kuti nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu kukonzekera mwanjira nawo mawonekedwe a particles yaing'ono (zosakwana hafu millimeter).

mitundu madzi

Mwa njira imeneyi kukonzekera kukonzekera ndi monga njira, ndi novogalenovyh formulations galenic, salves, collodion, ndi zina madzi ndi theka-olimba embodiments.

njira The inakhazikitsidwa pambuyo kusakaniza mankhwala ndi zosungunulira, monga madzi kapena mowa.

Kukonzekera Galenic zigwirizana okha zomera akupanga akamagwira magetsi.

Infusions ndi decoctions asasanyika zomera youma. Aliyense zizindikiro izi Chinsinsi, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira kuti ntchito pharmacist.

Kulowetsedwa ndi Tingafinye - M'malo mwake, madzi okhala mowa. Iwo ukhoza kukhala woyera ndi spirtovodnymi kapena spirtoefirnymi. formulations Novogalenovyh amasiyana galenic ochiritsira, digiri yapamwamba ya chiyeretso ya zipangizo ndi chotsirizidwa.

mitundu Special mankhwala

Conditioners ndi wochuluka madzi kukhala deodorising ndi katundu antiseptic. Collodion - njira ya mapadi nitrate ndi mowa ndi efa amaphatikiza wina sikisi. Yekha kunja. Creams adzalandira semifluid kugwirizana ndi muli mbewu akupanga, wothira m'munsi, monga glycerol, phula, paraffin, etc. Lemonades ndi mankhwala tinapangidwa kuonetsetsa kuti anawo anali kosavuta kutenga mankhwala. Amathandiza palibe anayesetsa choti achinyamata mtima pa chithandizo.

wosabala amadzimadzi ndi wochuluka njira yabwino jekeseni. Iwo akhoza kukhala zazing'ono ngati zovuta. Pamene kupereka zonse amasonyeza mlingo wa mankhwala ndi buku mu botolo limodzi, komanso malangizo, kumene ayenera kuperekedwa mankhwala.

akalumikidzidwa zofewa

Ngati ntchito monga maziko mafuta kapena mafuta monga mankhwala kuti ndi mankhwala zofewa. Tanthauzo, gulu, kupanga ndondomeko kuwonjezera - mafunso onsewa mwangwiro bwino kuti akatswiri ndi mankhwala, dokotala Pafunikanso tikudziwa mlingo ndi zizindikiro.

Choncho, mafuta akhale peresenti twente-faifi a nkhani youma. Kugwirizana yoyenera chingapezeke mwa kusakaniza ufa ndi mafuta a nyama, phula, masamba mafuta, petrolatum kapena polyethylene glycol. I imagwiranso ntchito kwa pastas, koma ayenera kukhala viscous. Liniments M'malo mwake, ayenera kukhala madzi ambiri, ndipo pamaso ntchito ayenera zidzagwedezeka ufa Kukwatiwa ndi wogawana anagawira mu zosungunulira lapansi. Makandulo kapena suppositories olimba, koma pamene ingested msanga kusungunula ndi kukhala madzi. The yamawangamawanga komanso olimba firiji, koma iwo kusungunula ndi n'kudziphatika kwa khungu, kupanga nawo kwenikweni.

Medicaments - zinthu ndi advantageously chiyambi Mmera wonse, umene akhala akukonza mankhwala kapena thupi chithandizo kwa thupi wodwalayo kuposa iwo kudya.