Matupi m'zigawozo matupi wamkulu feduro. Dongosolo ndi kapangidwe ka matupi wamkulu feduro. The matupi boma la mphamvu wamkulu - ndi ...

Pambuyo mfundo za lamulo lalikhulu ladziko ya Kulekana kwa mphamvu za mu nthambi zitatu panali kusintha mfundo chakale. Makamaka, mmalo mwa zida za makonzedwe boma anali la feduro matupi a Yolamula mphamvu. Komabe, sizitanthauza kuti ntchito kuchita, ndipo dzina kale.

tanthauzo

Akamanena za matupi wamkulu anatsimikiza ndi olemba osiyana mu njira zosiyana. Choncho, monga ena olemba, mabungwe zinthu monga andale, amene anapanga nawo kukhazikitsa ntchito yoyenera utsogoleri. Kuchita ntchito imene amanenedwa ndi mwayi wina malamulo. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti boma wamkulu akuluakulu - ndi zinthu zapadera za zida boma. ntchito yawo umalimbana ndikukhazikitsa chakudya cha malamulo ena. Malinga ndi ntchito zawo, matupi awa kusonyeza kanthu ka boma ndi wamkulu. mabuku limapereka tanthauzo lina la bungwe la. Ena olemba amaona lathunthu kwambiri. Mogwirizana ndi boma akuluakulu wamkulu - ndi mabungwe kuti, kulankhula monga chiwalo cha zida boma, ndi mwini dongosolo mkati awo, yamtunduwu ndi okhudza malo lonse. Iwo anapanga mu zolamulidzwazo potsata mwambo kapena zina normative kuti chikalata. boma la akuluakulu wamkulu Russian Federation ntchito njira yeniyeni ntchito yawo, angathe malamulo kuchita m'dzina ndi m'malo mwa boma. Mu chimango cha yamtunduwu ake, mabungwe amalamulidwa tsiku kusamalira muzochitika yamakolo, chuma, utsogoleri ndi ndale moyo pagulu.

zizindikiro Common

The vuto lalikulu limene anathana ndi matupi boma la mphamvu wamkulu - ndi kuzindikira kuchita, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a alipo, ndi zikalata zina normative. Komanso mkati yamtunduwu ake, mabungwe kuonetsetsa zoletsedwa ndi malamulo a mabungwe onse mu dziko. Ntchito yawo ndi oyang'anira wamkulu, kukonza, ndi kulamulira khalidwe loyang'anira. Chifukwa cha kukhazikitsa ya ntchito zogwirizana ndi kuthetsedwa. Aliyense Russian Federal wamkulu ulamuliro ali mkati yake chipangizo. Lili ena mayunitsi (Chap. Control, magawano wapadera, m'madipatimenti, etc.) Ndi akuluakulu. Amalimbikitsa asonyeza kuthetsa mavuto.

dera la chikoka

Mphamvu za matupi wamkulu feduro zinthu zambiri zokwanira. awo kukhazikitsa amaloledwa mu njira yeniyeni malamulo. Mabungwe makamaka ikuchitika:

• Executive ndi ntchito zaboma.
• Control ndi ntchito yoyang'anira.
• zochita malamulo.
• Yopangira chisankho, kuti pakhale zotsatira zazikulu malamulo.
• Ovomerezeka a malamulo.
• yazamalamulo.

The yamtunduwu mabungwe, kuphatikizapo maudindo awo ndi mwayi malamulo ndi udindo pa ntchito yawo. Federal wamkulu thupi amagwira ntchito zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa malangizo ndi awo kukhazikitsa anaonetsetsa.

Komanso

Lamulo anatsimikiza mtima kuti malinga ndi zomwe mapangidwe chikuchitika, ndi ziŵalo kapena kuwonongedwa Institute. Lililonse Yolamula ili dzina lakelake. Malinga ndi Chilamulo Federal ndi zochita normative nkhani anapereka mabungwe udindo ndi akuluakulu. Aliyense thupi wamkulu amachita ngati bungwe lalamulo. Iye ayenera chisindikizo cha boma. The matupi wamkulu kutenga nawo mbali pa maubwenzi boma. Ndalama zachitika pa ndalama za boma kapena dera bajeti, malingana ndi zomwe (thupi boma la ulamuliro wamkulu kapena wamba) Institute anatumiza ndalama.

mfundo

Malamulo lamulo la feduro matupi wamkulu anapanga malinga ndi lamulo la feduro ndi Constitution, komanso chiwerengero cha malamulo ena. The ntchito lonse la Institute mogwirizana ndi mfundo zina. The akuluakulu monga:

1. mfundo ya federalism. Zimenezi zimachitika chifukwa cha m'malamulo a dziko.
2. Kumbali. mfundo imeneyi yafotokozedwera kusungidwa kwa Constitution ndi Chilamulo.
3. Kuphatikiza siyana ndi centralization. Mfundo imeneyi ndi kofunika kwambiri mu ntchito ya bungwe lonse la mphamvu wamkulu. Ambiri ntchito mu yamtunduwu magulu apamwamba. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu matupi m'zigawozo matupi feduro wamkulu anatumizidwa maudindo, ndi akuyendera popanda alowererepo mabungwe apamwamba.

zinthu Buku

Federal, boma ndi matupi wamkulu zimapanga dongosolo limodzi. Pa nkhani ya makhalidwe awo onse komanso pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi wokhoza la mabungwe a wapamwamba mabungwe Kumvetsela ili ndi udindo wamng'ono. Pankhaniyi amachita umodzi mfundo. Control wa matupi boma la mphamvu wamkulu amangonena za madera amene ali ofanana ndi mabungwe dera kapena mwachindunji mu ulamuliro wawo.

mfundo zina

Olemba ambiri kuwonjezera pamwamba anali olekanitsidwa chakudya monga:

• Wodzilamulira. Mfundo imeneyi zachokera Art. 10 ya malamulo oyendetsera dziko. Malinga ndi nsembeyi, wamkulu, malamulo ndi zachiweruzo mphamvu ndi ufulu wodzilamulira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mabungwe si nkhani kwa chomwecho mayunitsi nthambi zina. ntchito za matupi wamkulu feduro, motero sangathe kutsatira malamulo kapena woweruza.
• Mwachangu mfundo. Iye anaganiza mtengo ndalama akubwera mu dera la BOMA.

Zina mwa mfundo zina za akatswiri kuonetsetsa komanso:

• Olengeza.
• Udindo.
• Democracy.
• Compliance ndi kukhwimitsa ufulu wa munthu ndi nzika.

Mtengo wa zinthu zimenezi ndi osatsutsika ndi anatsimikizira asayansi ambiri.

Dongosolo ndi kapangidwe ka matupi wamkulu feduro

Maina amenewa kambirimbiri makampani mabuku. Kachitidwe ambiri tanthauzo nthanthi ndi mgwirizano wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana integrally ndi kufalitsa zigawo zikuluzikulu pa malo ena. La matanthauzo ena kuti nyumba imeneyi akutumikira monga cholinga ya zochitika ndi zinthu ndiye zokhudzana wina ndi mzake. Kapangidwe ndi njira kulumikiza zinthu. Izo zimatengera njira kapangidwe ka mogwirizana kwa zinthu zake. The Constitution amasonyeza mfundo ya mapeto a matupi wamkulu mwachindunji ku thupi. Izi akumasula zomwenso amenewa kulekana. Kudzera limagwirira nchito, amene amachita monga thupi wamkulu, boma kuonetsetsa kukhazikitsa ntchito zake. Kapangidwe lonse la Institute inakhazikitsa katundu yaikulu ya zanyengo. Kachitidwe amasonyeza kugwirizana woyamba aumbike pakati pa matupi. Nawonso, ndimachita. Ankapha matupi kupanga limasonyeza structural mwa dongosolo limodzi.

mbali

Mogwirizana ndi mfundo pamwamba, tinganene kuti matupi dongosolo wamkulu ndi mwalamulo mwadongosolo, internally zogwirizana kuchuluka osiyana zinthu mawonekedwe malamulo amene subordinated mfundo yolekanitsa zanchito. Iwo apanga mgwirizano ndi Integrated mu kukhazikitsa ntchito mkati la Russia. Mu dongosolo pali ofukula dongosolo masanjidwe, komanso zigawo yopingasa. Ndi mamangidwe makina zikugwira ntchito ulamuliro amaperekedwa. dongosolo ndi kapangidwe ka matupi wamkulu feduro amaona zinthu Chikhalidwe chathu, ndale, chuma, malamulo ndi zina.

interagency mgwirizano

matupi wamkulu wa dongosolo akuyimiridwa mu mawonekedwe a akaphatikiza boma lawo dziko wotsogozedwa ndi mataye kwa wina ndi mzake pakati pa mchitidwe pa osiyanasiyana mokwanira lonse la mafunso amene angapeze mu njira ya boma. Kukula ndi chikhalidwe cha interagency mgwirizano anatsimikiza ndi mikhalidwe imene ntchito ndi bungwe lililonse kugwirizana. Kapangidwe ka boma ndi dera matupi wamkulu, komanso limagwirira wa ubale wawo zimakhudzidwa ndi mawonekedwe a zida boma. Kulunjika wa bungwe lonse inafunika osakaniza yopingasa, ofukula ndi opendekera ankachita pakati pa maudindo.

Ndondomeko yogawa ya ntchito

Malinga ndi njira zinchito polenga dongosolo la matupi wamkulu ikuchitika malire osafunika akukonzekera udindo ndi wokhoza aliyense ulalo mu mabukhu zolimbana. Kuchokera ili motere kufalitsidwa ndi kufunika kulenga mgwirizano yopingasa mabungwe onse okhudzidwa zokhudza madera toyalana. Mulingo woyenera dongosolo ndi kudzipatula ntchito limba, m'gulu izo, awonetsetse mlandu, specialization, cangu ndi mphamvu ya ubale wa ophunzira.

Gawo

matupi osiyanasiyana wamkulu anapanga mu Russia. Iwo kusiyana ndi muyezo zotsatirazi:

• Makampani ndi kasamalidwe malo.
• Ikani mu dongosolo la.
• Scale ntchito.
• Mtengo.
• Kulunjika.
• Njira ya maphunziro.
• Dongosolo la adjudication.

Limatchula za maphunziro

Malinga phunziro, amene amaperekera mafunso pachilengedwe mayunitsi analanditsa anthu anapanga kwambiri RF. mapangidwe awo zikuchitika pa maziko a chakudya malamulo, amene njira izi ndi mu yamtunduwu ya boma. Choncho, dongosolo la mapangidwe Pankhaniyi amapereka Federal wamkulu ulamuliro. Anthu a mayunitsi maphunziro mu wokhoza mwa madera okha. Malinga ndi ndondomeko ndi njira ikuyambitsa kulibe:

• Mabungwe amene atsogoleri amasankhidwa ndi nzika.
• Mayunitsi mapangidwe amene chikalata zochita yoyenera matupi boma la mphamvu wamkulu.

akalumikidzidwa mabungwe

Malinga ndi mitundu gulu malamulo ndi izi mabungwe:

• Boma la Russia.
• Federal mabungwe, misonkhano, utumiki m'madipatimenti.

Maiko oyandikana ndi:

• Administration.
• Boma.
• Commission.
• Makomiti.
• M'madipatimenti.
• Bungwe la nduna.
• Agency.
• Service ndi anthu ena.

dera la chikoka

Pa mfundo imeneyi zimatulutsa:

1. Division ambiri zanchito. Iwo kanthu kapena madera onse kwambiri ndi mafakitale m'dera lawo.
2. Chimagwirizanitsa makampani zanchito. Iwo zonse ntchito mwa Boma makamaka m'madera osiyanasiyana BOMA. Monga mayunitsi ndi mautumiki zambiri apamwamba ndi dera. Malamulo a matupi boma la mphamvu wamkulu ali chimodzimodzi kwa mabungwe onse popangidwa ndi iwo.
3. Mayunitsi wa yamtunduwu wapadera. mabungwe awa kuchita oyang'anira, pulogalamuyo, ntchito zolimbana ndi zina muzochitika zosiyanasiyana BOMA.
4. Mabungwe interdisciplinary zanchito. Matupi awa anakhazikitsa oyang'anira kasamalidwe zochitika mu dera komanso mafakitale.

Dongosolo la adjudication

Malinga ndi muyezo uyu wolemekezeka:

1. matupi Collegial. Awa (malinga ndi malamulo general) zikuphatikiza: boma la Russia, oyendetsa mabungwe ofanana ena mayunitsi.
2. Edinonachalnye akuluakulu. Mu Russia, ambiri mabungwe anapanga pa maziko a umodzi wa lamulo. Kupanga zisankho imene mutu ikuchitika mwachindunji.

matupi m'zigawozo matupi wamkulu feduro

anayambitsa wake anapanga aliyense nkhani ya Russian Federation, amene uli pansi aakulu zida chapakati. Pamene dongosolo la matupi wamkulu wa dera ayenera kumvetsa nyumba zovuta kuti kugwiritsa ntchito pagulu. ntchito zawo ikuchitika mwa yamtunduwu awo ndi m'madera makamaka kwa dziko. Mu njira yothetsera mavuto a matupi dera kucheza ndi ofesi chapakati ndi oyang'anira tauni nyumba wamkulu.

normative m'munsi

RF Constitution Kusonyeza kuti dongosolo la matupi wamkulu m'madera wokhazikitsidwa nkhani okha. Pankhaniyi, ndondomeko kupanga mabungwe sayenera mosiyana chimango malamulo ndi mfundo za mapangidwe mabungwe boma. Monga malamulo polenga dongosolo la mphamvu wamkulu mu phunziro akhoza kupanga malamulo ndondomeko kapena malamulo anadutsa matupi woyenera mayunitsi utsogoleri. M'madera ena, chikalata amenewa ndi lamulo la munthu titanyamula udindo waukulu.

The ntchito m'magulu dera

matupi Executive wa nzika za nkhani yovuta kuti zambiri kutumikiridwa kwa iwo Russia, kukhala malo awo okwana kasamalidwe. mayunitsi monga makomiti, kasamalidwe, m'madipatimenti, mautumiki. Kachitidwe mulinso matupi amakwanitsa chuma ku malo m'maderawa; ena mabungwe anapanga kuyang'anira kusunga malamulo; Kapangidwe lolamulira kuchuluka kwa msewu, madzi, zofunikira, ndi zina zotero.

Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro Institute

Panopa funso makamaka mwamsanga zokhudza dongosolo ndi dongosolo la mphamvu lonse wamkulu mu dziko. M'chigawo cha lero akupitirira kusintha utsogoleri. Mu chimango cha khalidwe lomwe mabungwe kuwongolera, onse pa dera ndi pamwamba, mlingo feduro. Tikutero osati ntchito za zipani za dziko alipo andale, komanso kulunjika ya malamulo. Malamulo lamulo pa mlingo la feduro, pali chakudya oyendetsera dziko ndi makonzedwe a Chilamulo Federal. Ofunika ndi malamulo pulezidenti ndi malamulo aboma. Maiko oyandikana zolimbana ulamuliro imagwiridwa malinga ndi malamulo mu nkhaniyi. Iwo concretise chakudya oyendetsera dziko ndi Chilamulo Federal.

Pomaliza

M'zaka zapitazi, dongosolo la feduro wamkulu mphamvu ungasinthe ambiri. kusintha anali umalimbana optimizing ndi utithandize mphamvu ya Institute pa mapangidwe anthu ndi boma wonse. Komabe, kapangidwe ka boma ndi kutali abwino. Mmenemo ndi m'madipatimenti, muzochitika intersect chikoka. Mabungwe kuchita zofanana, ndipo nthawi zina ntchito duplicative. Kukayikira kotereku mu vuto ili akutumikira monga chifukwa chachikulu cha chisokonezo ndi Kusakhazikika kwa bungwe lonse. Mapangidwe a dongosolo mulingo woyenera amafuna kuti aliyense mchitidwe mosapita yeniyeni chokhala m'dzikolo. Izo ziyenera kukhala otsimikiza pa mlingo malamulo, anapatsidwa voliyumu ndi chikhalidwe cha mavuto amene kuthetsedwa. Akatswiri ena, kuthetsa mavuto ambiri ayenera kuti konza ndondomeko chizindikiritso, kupasula kuthetsa, kulowererana, ntchito wapathengo. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti ndi chinthu choyamba komanso wamkulu popewa mogwirizana kumabungwewa. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti kwambiri mwendo ntchito, m'pamenenso muyenera anthu kugwiritsa iwo. Zimenezi, kumalimbitsa chinthu anthu ndi amachepetsa mphamvu ya ntchito. Yankho la mavuto amenewa ndi ofunika kwambiri kukondweretsa Chilamulo Federal, amene amasankha mfundo za boma. Pamaziko a chikalata normative kenako kugwira kugwirizana, ndi kukhathamiritsa wa bungwe lonse.