Mitundu yovuta: tanthauzo la lingaliro

Nkhani ya zilankhulidwe zosiyana ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zogwira ntchito. Kodi ndi zilankhulo zotani, ndipo ndi zilankhulo zotani, ndi zilankhulo za mtundu wa chiyankhulo, Russian, mafunso awa sadzawuka mosavuta pa tsiku ndi tsiku. Chikhalidwe cha zilankhulo ndi chofunikira kwa anthu ogwira ntchito muzolumikizidwe ndi teknoloji yapadziko lonse. Wophunzira aliyense wamaphunziro a zaumulungu amadziwa izo mwa mtima. Ambiri, mwinamwake, anganene kuti izi sizikufunikira ndi zosafunika kwa iwo, koma ziri choncho? Mwina ndi bwino kudziwa za malo a chilankhulo cha chibadwidwe chanu kuti muzindikire chinenero chake chosiyana ndi kumvetsa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mawu omwe timanena tsiku ndi tsiku.

Zambiri zadzidzidzi

Kusiyanitsa kwa zinenero kulipo molingana ndi zigawo zosiyana. Malinga ndi maina awo, zilankhulo zimagawanika kukhala mabanja, omwe amakhala magulu omwe ali ndi nthambi. Zodziwika kwambiri pafupifupi magawano onse m'zinenero zachilankhulo zimaphatikizapo Indo-European, Caucasus, Chinese-Tibetan, Altaic ndi zinenero zina zambiri. Komanso, banja la Indo-European ligawidwa m'magulumagulu, Aslavic, German, Romance, etc. Mwachitsanzo, Chingerezi ndi cha banja la Indo-European, gulu la German, nthambi ya kumadzulo. Chiyankhulo cha Chirasha ndilo gulu la Aslavic la zinenero za Indo-European. Chigawo ichi cha zinenero chikuwonetsa ubale wawo. Kuwonjezera apo, zilankhulozo zigawidwa ndi zina. Pali mtundu wa morphological ndi grammatical.

Makhalidwe abwino a zinenero.

Chosafunikira kwenikweni ndi mchitidwe wophiphiritsira wa malphological kapena typological wa zinenero, zomwe zimasonyeza, monga dzina limanenera, mtundu wa maphunziro a chinenerocho. Malingana ndi chigawo ichi, pali mitundu inayi ya zinenero: 1) kudzipatula, kapena amorphous, 2) kuphatikiza kapena polysynthetic, 3) kupotoza, 4) kugonjetsa. Mutu uwu unali wophunzira ndi akatswiri a zinenero za nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, afilosofi Achijeremani Augustus ndi Friedrich Schlegel nthawi ina adapeza kuti zilankhulo ndizo njira zophunzitsira komanso zowonongeka. Katswiri wina wamaphunziro a zamagulu a ku Germany, Wilhelm von Humbold, anapangitsa chiphunzitsocho, kuchibweretsa ku mtundu umene tili nawo lerolino.

Mitundu yosankhidwa ndi yogwiritsira ntchito ndizosiyana.

Kuti timvetse bwino momwe izi zilili, ziyenera kusokonezedwa poyerekeza, chifukwa zimakhala zosiyana. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mawu akuti "inflective" ndi etymology yake. Mawuwa amachokera ku Latin flectivus "kusintha", zomwe zikutanthauza kusintha kwa zinenero. MAFUNSO OTHANDIZA ndi mawu opanga zilankhulo zomwe munthu amamanga ndi kuwonjezera pa maziko a mawu osiyanasiyana otanthauzira ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana komanso ambiri. Mawu akuti agglutinative amachokera ku Latin agglutinatio - "gluing" ndipo amatanthauza dongosolo losasintha, lokhazikika.

Zinenero zamagulu

Zinenero zamagulu ndizo zinenero zopangira mawu zomwe zimapezeka pakuwonjezera morphemes ndi tanthauzo limodzi lokha, osati kusintha kulikonse. Zinenero zowonjezereka zikuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, Turkic ndi Finno-Ugric. Chitsanzo chowonekera cha zinenero za gulu ili ndi Chijapani, Bashkir kapena Chitata. Tiyeni titenge chitsanzo: mawu a Chitata " hatlarynd " omwe amatanthauzira " m'makalata ake " ali ndi deta ya morphemes: " nyumba" - "kalata", " lar " - morpheme ndi mtengo wambiri, " ын " - morpheme wa munthu wachitatu, "Inde" ali ndi tanthawuzo la vutoli. Ndiko kuti, morpheme aliyense ali ndi tanthauzo limodzi. Chitsanzo china chabwino kuchokera ku chinenero cha Bashkir: mawu akuti " bash", omwe amatanthauzira kuti "mutu", ali ndi tanthawuzo la vuto lachisankho, limodzi. Timaonjezerapo kuti "lar" ndi " bash-lar" ndipo tsopano amatanthauza "mutu", ndiko kuti, "lar" la morpheme liri ndi tanthawuzo limodzi - kuchuluka.

Zinenero za mtundu wosasangalatsa

Tsopano tidzakambirana momveka bwino zilankhulo zosiyana siyana. Monga tanenera kale, morphemes mu nkhaniyi ali ndi matanthawuzo ambiri, omwe tingathe kuwona pa chiyankhulo cha Chirasha. Chiganizo chakuti " wokongola " chili ndi mapeto a " y ", omwe amatisonyeza kuti mchitidwe wamwamuna, dzina laumunative ndi zambiri pa nthawi yomweyo. Motero, morpheme imodzi ndizofunika zitatu. Tiyeni titenge chitsanzo china: dzina " bukhu ", kutha kwa " a " kumatanthauza tanthauzo la chikazi chachikazi, chimodzimodzi ndi chosankha. Motero, tingathe kuona kuti Chirasha ndi chosavuta. Zitsanzo zina za zilankhulo zosawerengeka zikhoza kukhala Chijeremani kapena Chilatini, komanso zilankhulidwe zambiri za banja la Indo-European, makamaka zilankhulo zonse za gulu la Aslavic. Kubwerera kwa asayansi a ku Germany a zaka za zana la 18, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti chilankhulochi chikhonza kukhala njira yophunzitsira. Njira yopangira maonekedwe imasonyeza kuti mawu opangidwe amapezeka pakuwonjezera zosiyanasiyana morphemes, suffixes ndi postfixes. Njira yowunika ikulolani kugwiritsa ntchito mawu omwewo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chirasha timatha kunena kuti " ndikulemba ", pogwiritsa ntchito kutha kwa nthawi yamtsogolo, yomwe ndi njira yophunzitsira. Kapena munganene kuti " Ndilemba ", pogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti " Ndidzakhala, " omwe ndi chitsanzo cha njira yoganizira. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti palibe kusiyana kosiyana pakati pazinthu izi, zilankhulo zambiri zimagwirizanitsa njira zosiyanasiyana za mapangidwe. Funso lochititsa chidwi ndi lakuti chinenero cha Chingerezi, lero chomwe chimaphunziridwa bwino kwambiri kapena chodziwika bwino?

Chingerezi chimawombera?

Kuti muyankhe funso ili, muyenera kupanga kafukufuku waung'ono molingana ndi zomwe mwapeza pamwambapa. Tengani mawu achi Chingelezi " ogona ", omwe amatanthawuza " kugona ", kumene "kutha" kuli ndi tanthawuzo la munthu wachitatu, chimodzimodzi. Morpheme imodzi ili ndi matanthauzo atatu. Chiwerengero, Chingerezi n'chosangalatsa. Pofuna kulimbikitsa lingaliro, pali zitsanzo zingapo: mawu akuti " Kuchitidwa "ndi tanthawuzo" lopangidwa ", pamene mawu akuti" kukhala "akutiuza za nthawi yochuluka ndi yangwiro nthawi yomweyo; « Ndi Kudya "-" Kudya ", kumene liwu loti" ndi "limatenga mtengo wa munthu mmodzi, munthu wachitatu, nthawi yake. Zitsanzo zambiri ndi mawu omasuliridwa m'Chingelezi zimalongosola njira yowonongeka yopangira mawu.

Mwachidule ponena za kudzipatula ndi zilankhulo za polysynthetic

Mitundu yosankhidwa ndi yowonongeka ndiyo yofalitsidwa kwambiri padziko lapansi, komabe pali mitundu iwiri yambiri. Kutulutsira, kapena zilankhulo za amorphous ndizinenero zomwe mawu-mawonekedwe amadziwika ndi kusasintha kwathunthu kwa mawu kusintha ndi kuwonjezera kwa morphemes. Choncho dzina lawo lomwe. Zinenero zimenezi zikuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, Chitchaina. Mawu oti " cha boo bu " amatanthauza " Sindimwa tiyi ." Kuphatikiza kapena kuwonetsa polysynthetic, mwinamwake, zovuta kwambiri kuphunzira ndi kutchula zinenero. Mapangidwe a mawu mwa iwo amapezeka pakuwonjezera mawu wina ndi mnzake omwe amapangidwa ndi ziganizo. Mwachitsanzo, monga chilankhulo cha Mexico " ninakakwa" , " n " " ine ", " naka " - " ndikudya ", " kwa " - " nyama ".