Medieval luso ndi zochititsa

Middle Ages - wapadera mbiri nthawi. izo amayamba komanso kumaliza nthawi zosiyanasiyana m'mayiko onsewa. Mwachitsanzo, kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, Zapakati ndi zapakati pa V zaka mazana XV, mu Russia -. X zaka mazana XVII, ndi East -. IV zaka mazana XVIII. Tiganizire moposera mmene choonadi chamtengo kumanzere kwa ife ndiAmene wa chi.

makhalidwe General

anali akale luso chiyani? Mwachidule, ogwirizana quests wauzimu ankakhala kuti ambuye nthawi. Nkhani yaikulu analenga awo anatsimikiza mtima mpingo. Zinali ndiye iye anachita monga makasitomala chachikulu. Nthawiyi, mbiri ya luso akale ndi imakhudza ndi mbalume wachikhristu. Mu wowerengeka kukumbukira nthawi kuti anali zizindikiro za worldview zachikunja. Tingaone zimenezi mu miyambo, folklore ndi miyambo.

nyimbo

Popanda izo, akhoza kukhala akale luso. Music ankaona mbali ya miyoyo ya anthu pa nthawi. Nthawi limodzi maholide, zikondwerero zake, akubadwa. Mwa zida otchuka anali nyanga, zitoliro mabelu, maseche, malikhweru, ng'oma. Kuchokera maiko a mu Ages Middle anadza lute nyimbo. Anali zolinga za nthawi mwambo mbali. Mwachitsanzo, m'chaka woyambirira nyimbo yapadera kuti anthu anathamangitsa mizimu ya chisanu ndi likutchulidwa isanayambike kutentha. Khirisimasi anali nthawi zonse phokoso la mabelu. Iye ananyamula uthenga wabwino wonena za maonekedwe a Mpulumutsi.

mabuku

Medieval mabuku ndi luso wasiya mbiri wachuma wa mibadwo ya m'tsogolo. Mabuku oyambirira a m'nthawi imeneyo anali mosamala wolembedwa ndi ndiye mwafanizo Chimonko. Pa nthawi pepala ankaona osungira nyama, mogwirizana ndi zimenezi m'malo ndi zikopa. Chopangidwa kuchokera calfskin kapena nkhosa. Ndinaphunzira kulemba otchedwa mapiritsi matabwa yokutidwa ndi wakuda kapena zobiriwira phula. Medieval zosemasema kuonekera makamaka pa matabwa matabwa. Kwa ambiri a mabuku ndi ntchito yosavuta chikopa embossing. Medieval chikhalidwe ndi luso anali Polemeretsedwa likuvutika akatswiri akungoyendayenda ndi ndakatulo. Iwo amapita kokayenda kufufuza njira yolembera m'mayiko ena. Mkubwela kwa courtly chikondi akale luso wodzazidwa ndi romanticism. Iye anadziwonetsera makamaka prose ndi nyimbo. M'makhoti nyimbo wodzipereka ku nkhondo epic Karla Velikogo, Arthur ndi Roland. Mwakhama anapitiriza kukhala kulemba. Mu Middle Ages panali zazikulu ndi lowercase makalata, anaganiza kulemba malamulo. Books pa nthawi imeneyo ankaona chuma chenicheni. Iwo analibe misa ambiri a anthu. Monga ulamuliro, iwo anali pansi loko ndi kiyi. Ngati wina anali ndi mavuto ndi ndalama, buku akanakhoza kugona ndi kupeza mphoto yabwino.

Medieval Art: Chithunzi

Mu nthawi imeneyo kutali, chilengedwe cha murals ndi zojambula okha kuthana ndi anthu amene ali ndi talente ndi amene ali ndi mphamvu wogonjera kudzatunga. Izi ntchito kulenga osati masewera kapena chibwana. Medieval luso ndi kuperekedwa kwa olamulira a zofunika zina. Aliyense kupenta kapena mural anali kasitomala. Childs, penti mpingo, guwa kapena chipinda pemphero. ojambula zithunzi Middle akhoza m'malo adzatchedwa waluso, monga anali Mwachitsanzo, akalipentala kapena wosula. N'chifukwa chake Maina a ambiri a iwo siinafike masiku ano. Mwachitsanzo, shoemakers musaike siginecha wake pa chilichonse nsapato. Komanso, chilengedwe cha murals zambiri anali losonkhanitsidwa. Ojambula zithunzi sanali cholinga motsanzira ndendende dziko. Medieval luso ankaganiza zimakhudza khalidwe ndi maganizo pa anthu. Kuchokera pamenepa, ife anayamba malamulo mumtima:

• Onetsani munthu wina pa chinsalu chimodzi pa intervals osiyana nthawi (ofanana okhala amakono).
• Kunyalanyaza ikuonekeramu munthu kupereka pazipita aone chochitika.

Medieval papezeka galasi luso inachokera makamaka pa nkhani zachipembedzo. Kawirikawiri utoto nkhani monga "The Kubadwa kwa Yesu", "pamtanda", "The masautso a Khristu", "Madonna ndi Mwana" ndi zina zotero.

Romanesque

Zinadzala ndi luso akale ku Ulaya mu X - XII zaka. M'madera ena kalembedwe anapulumuka mpaka m'zaka XIII. Iye anakhala mmodzi wa magawo chofunika kwambiri luso Zapakati. Romanesque kalembedwe Chili malemu kale ndi Merovingian nkhani zikuluzikulu "Carolingian Kubadwa Kwatsopano", nthawi Great Ataliatali. Tinalowa luso akale ku Ulaya, Byzantine ndi kum'maŵa zinthu. Romanesque kalembedwe mu Chiyambi chake mu mawu a chitukuko cha feudalism ndi kufala kwa malingaliro Katolika. The nyumba zazikulu, chilengedwe cha ziboliboli mpukutu wa zinachitikadi ndi ansembe. Mpingo unali magwero motalika kokwanira pamene amagawa akale luso. Zomangamanga analinso mwambo. The wogulitsa chachikulu cha kalembedwe panthawiyi dongosolo kumene kumakhala Amonke. Koma kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XI anayamba kutuluka akungoyendayenda famu anagona-osema miyala.

zomangamanga

nyumba munthu ndi maofesi (zikuluzikulu, mipingo, mchitidwe umenewu) zinamangidwa mu kalembedwe Romanesque, monga ulamuliro, m'midzi. Iwo akulamulira ena, embodying m'mafanizidwe a "mzinda wa Ambuye" kapena kuchita monga akuti zithunzi za mphamvu ya Ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Western akale luso zochokera mogwirizana. Chotsani silhouettes ndi yaying'ono mawonekedwe a nyumba ngati mobwerezabwereza ndipo anamaliza malo. Mu mwala achilengedwe anachita monga waukulu chuma yomanga. Iye ali mwangwiro mogwirizana ndi greenery ndi dothi. Mbali yaikulu ya nyumba kalembedwe Romanesque ndi mpanda waukulu. umalemera awo anatsindika yopapatiza zenera mipata ndi recessed analowa makonde (ndime). Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya zikuchokera ankaona mkulu nsanja. Romanesque nyumba ndi dongosolo la mabuku ophweka stereometric: prisms, cubes, parallelepipeds, zonenepa. pamwamba anali lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika tambirimbiri masamba arkaturno friezes. zinthu izi wa rhythmic mipanda yolimba, koma kungapondereze ndi okhulupirika monolithic.

akachisi

Iwo kusanduka kuchokera zotsatira za oyambirira mitundu Mkhristu zomangamanga centric ndi bazilikanskoy mpingo. Chakumapeto zinthu yofunika anali nsanja kapena nyali. Chiwalo chachikulu cha kachisi analengedwa osiyana okhudza malo kulengedwa. Onse kunja ndi mkati mosapita wosiyana ndi ena onse. Kuganiza wonse anali anatsindika arches. Iwo anali makamaka mtanda woboola pakati, cylindrical kapena mtanda nthiti. Nthawi zina akachisi anaika mzikiti.

mbali zapadera kukongola

Mu magawo oyambirira a Romanesque udindo waukulu nyimbo ndi zojambula pakhoma. Pakutha XI -. Chiyambi cha XII atumwi, pamene kasinthidwe makoma, ndi kudenga anayamba kuvutika mu zokongoletsa kachisi zikuphatikizapo reliefs chadzaoneni. Iwo chokongoletsedwa makonde, ndipo nthawi zambiri wapakamwa kwathunthu khoma. Mkati nyumbayi iwo ntchito kuti mitu yachiwiri. Chakumapeto kwa kalembedwe Romanesque m'malo mtunda lathyathyathya akubwera pamwamba ndipo zotsatira kwambiri kuwala ndi mthunzi, koma kusunga ubale organic ndi khoma. Malo chapakati ndi chithunzi ndi chosema zatenga ulusi kusonyeza mphamvu zoopsa ndi malire a Mulungu. Mu nyimbo mosamalitsa symmetrical anapambana adzaone Khristu. Koma m'zinthu nkhani pa ulaliki ndi baibulo mitu, iwo ayamba ndi zazikulu kwambiri ndipo ufulu chikhalidwe. Romanesque pulasitiki zolakwika osiyana kufanana achilengedwe. Mu njira iyi ndi chifaniziro cha munthu wamkulu chonyamulira chopambanitsa limaonetseratu manja kapena chinthu chokongoletsera mosataya nthawi yomweyo akuti wauzimu.

Gothic

Mfundo imeneyi unayamba mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Gothic luso la ku Ulaya kuti ankaona "woipitsitsawu". XII zaka - X maluwa a Romanesque ankaona. Pamene anali kumatanthauza nthawi imeneyi, chimango kuchuluka zinali zochepa kuti Gothic. Choncho anali olekanitsidwa oyambirira okhwima (mkulu) ndi mochedwa (lamoto) pang'onopang'ono. Kukula kwa Gothic anali kwambiri m'mayiko amene Chikatolika adalakika. Iye wachita luso ambiri achipembedzo amanena achipembedzo ndi cholinga chake. Gothic chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi muyaya, mphamvu yapamwamba zopanda nzeru.

Features mapangidwe

Luso akale othimbirira galasi, zosemasema ndi zomangamanga mu nthawi Gothic tinatengera kwa kalembedwe Romanesque wa zinthu zambiri. A malo apadera anali kulamulidwa ndi Cathedral lapansi. Pa chitukuko cha Gothic mukopedwe kusintha kwakukulu dongosolo chikhalidwe. Pa nthawi imeneyo, kuyambira kupanga boma centralized, anakula ndi kulimbikitsidwa mzinda, anayamba patsogolo mphamvu zakuthupi - malonda, luso, m'mizinda, mabwalo courtly-knightly. Monga mapangidwe chikumbumtima anthu, patsogolo luso anayamba kukuza mwayi kutanthauzira zokongoletsa za dziko. Tinayamba kupanga latsopano mapulani malangizo. Ponseponse m'tauni chitukuko. Mu ensembles mapulani a m'tawuni anapezeka yolembedwa ndi achipembedzo nyumba, milatho, malinga, m'zitsime. Nthawi zambiri, lalikulu waukulu mumzinda kumanga nyumba ndi arcades, nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi ritelo danga pa simenti pansi. Iye anabwerera kuchokera m'misewu. Iwo anafola pamodzi pamakoma yopapatiza ya ambiri nyumba ziwiri storey (kawirikawiri nsanjika zitatu) ndi gables mkulu. Iwo anayamba anazungulira mzinda ndi mpanda wolimba, amene chokongoletsedwa ndi nsanja kuyenda. Royal ndi nyumba ang'onoang'ono pang'onopang'ono n'kukhala maofesi lonse, kuphatikizapo achipembedzo, zachifumu ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri.

chosema

Iye wachita monga mtundu yaikulu ya luso. Aang'ono mkati ndi chokongoletsedwa ambiri ziboliboli ndi mafano. Gothic chosema, poyerekeza ndi Romanesque, ndi amphamvu, makope kanjedza ndi mzake ndi kwa omvetsera. Iye anayambanso kukhala ndi chidwi m'njira zachilengedwe achilengedwe, kukongola ndi mmene anthu. A njira yatsopano anayamba kuchitira mitu ya amayi kukana nsembe, kuvutika abwino. Zasintha ndi chifaniziro cha Khristu. Kalembedwe Gothic Amaonetsa anayamba kuchoka kufera lathu. Mu luso la mwambo wa Lady lathu linayamba kutenga mawonekedwe. Izi zinachitika pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo ndi madona kwambiri kulambira. Nthawi zambiri izi awiri mpatuko zapiringizana. Ambiri Amayi a Mulungu anaonekera m'chifanizo cha dona wokongola. Pa nthawi yomweyo anthu anasunga chokhulupirira zozizwitsa, mizukwa chadzaoneni, nyama wosangalatsa. mafano awo angapezeke mu kalembedwe Gothic kawirikawiri mu kalembedwe Romanesque.

India

dziko Ichi chikudziwika padziko lonse zinthu zake osawerengeka zachilengedwe, handicrafts wokongola. Kuyambira ali mwana ana a anthu osauka anali amakonda ntchito. Education ana a otchuka inayamba m'chaka chachisanu cha moyo wawo. Education analandira pa sukulu ku akachisi kapena kunyumba. Ana ku Bramini Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira anaphunzitsidwa maluso nyumba. The mwana ayenera onani aphunzitsi, mu zonse kumumvera. Ana a ankhondo ndi akalonga munaphunzitsidwa sayansi ankhondo ndi luso la ulamuliro. Ena mchitidwe umenewu atumikira monga malo maphunziro. Kuphunzitsa iwo anali ikuchitika pa mlingo wapamwamba. Chonchi pakati, mwachitsanzo, anali obisika mu Noland. Ndi opareshoni ndalama opangidwa kuchokera m'midzi zana, ndi mphatso ya olamulira. Mu mizinda ina, akale India opareshoni Observatory. Masamu atadziwa voliyumu ya matupi ndi akalumikidzidwa lalikulu momasuka kusamalira manambala fractional. Good anayamba kupanga mu India mankhwala. Buku anafotokoza Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu ndi ziwalo. madokotala Indian ntchito 200 zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndipo njira mankhwala, kuchita ntchito zovuta. Kukhazikitsa matenda, madokotala kuyeza thupi kutentha kwa mtima wodwala, zowoneka ikuyendera wodwala, powasamalira chinenero ndi khungu. Art ndi sayansi mu akale India anafika pamwamba kuposa kale lonse.

chosema mwala

Iye anali ngati chokongoletsera zomangamanga. Monga ulamuliro, ndi chosema inali kuperekedwa kukongoletsa reliefs mkulu. Mu Chiwerengerochi onse yogwirizana. Kayendedwe, manja, kugwedeza anthu kuyang'ana n'zosadabwitsa wachisomo ndi limaonetseratu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chikoka pa zomwe chosema kuvina zojambulajambula, limene chinafala India, ndi nthawi amakezana. Thanthwe akadali pa Ashoka anayamba kulenga phanga akachisi ndi maselo kwa hermits. Iwo anali wamng'ono ndi kubereka nyumba matabwa. Kumpoto kwa India, anamanga akachisi oblong-chowulungika (parabolic) mawonekedwe. Pamwamba pa ambulera awo anamanga zamaluwa. Kum'mwera, akachisi anali mu mawonekedwe a piramidi anayi. Mkati chipinda kunali mdima ndi otsika. Iwo ankatchedwa malo. Fufuzani iwo sakanakhoza aliyense. akachisi bwalo ali chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli zosonyeza zithunzi epic kapena kutanthauziridwa mu chophiphiritsa mapembedzedwe a Mulungu, ulemerero umene kachisi anamangidwa. Kenako, mu India, makamaka kum'mwera, zinthu sculptural kukhala mwakuti nyumba achipembedzo atumikira monga zitsulo kwa iwo. Chotero ali Mwachitsanzo akachisi mu Orissa Konarak, Khajuraho.

ntchito chakale

Mu Middle Ages m'madera ambiri a India kulenga iwo ntchito masikito zinenero. Pankhaniyi, andakatulo ambiri olembedwa Chisansikiriti. Bukuli wakhala akuyenga zitsanzo tingachipeze powerenga choyamba. Komabe, pa nthawi kumakhaladi zambiri woyengeka ndi masamu pa bwalo. Mu ntchito iyi, mwachitsanzo, anali ndakatulo "Ramacharita". Mu vesi lililonse, izo anayala matanthauzo awiri, sipangakhalenso ukugwira mfumu amachita Rampal kuti zochita za epic wa Rama. Mu Middle Ages ndakatulo yapangidwa waukulu Komabe, zaka 12-13. Iwo anayamba kuoneka ndipo angabweretse. Ntchito olembedwa Chisansikiriti mu mtundu wanyimbo nkhani lathuli - nkhani zokhudzana ndi limodzi mtanda kudula mutu. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, mafotokozedwe "Kadambari". Ntchito imeneyi limafotokoza nkhani ya okonda awiri amene anali pa dziko lapansi kawiri guises osiyana. Mu buku satirical "The Wongosangalatsa wa akalonga 10" kusekedwa olamulira moyo wodzimana, olemekezeka ndiponso milungu.

maluwa

Imagwera pa IV-VI zaka. Pa nthawi imeneyo, gawo la kumpoto kwa India anali ogwirizana mu boma lamphamvu. Iwo imayendetsedwa ndi mafumu a Gupta mafumu. Ofala m'madera amenewa akale luso linafalikira m'madera kum'mwera. Mu Chibuda mchitidwe umenewu ndi akachisi mu Ajanta anasunga zitsanzo wapadera wa nthawi. M'deralo kwa zaka za m'ma 2 pa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi wotsatira anadza 29 mapanga. kudenga awo, makoma, mizati utoto zithunzi za nthano M'buda, chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli ndi zosemasema. Ajanta zinthu monga malo osati chipembedzo, komanso a luso ndi sayansi. Panopa umasonyeza ukulu wa mzimu wa masiku amakedzana. The Ajanta amakopa alendo ambiri ochokera konsekonse mdziko.