Mitundu ya zamoyo kubereka. mitundu tebulo kuswana

Luso zamoyozo kubereka mtundu wawo amatchedwa kubalana. zakuthupi Choncho majini ndi kunditumiza ku mbadwa ndi makhalidwe makolo amakhala osiyana, nawonekera ndizodabwitsa monga zamoyo wocheperapo.

mitundu kubereka ana

Asayansi apeza njira ziwiri zikuluzikulu za kubalana wa zamoyo. Zimakhala pogonana kapena asexually. Pankhani zakale, kubwezeretsa ayenera mbadwa 2 toyesa, ndipo mu mphindi imodzi mokwanira yekha.

Pamene asexual kubalana latsopano chamoyo ukuonekera maselo somatic. Mu chikhalidwe, pali njira zingapo kubereka ana popanda ziwalo kugonana. Zikuphatikizapo cloning, ikuphukira, kugawikana, sporulation, magawano, cloning.

Mu kubereka, tizilombo atsopano amapezeka ku pophatikizana a apadera maselo oberekera otchedwa gametes, ndi mapangidwe wotsatira wa zygote a. njira Izi ndi zapamwamba poyerekeza ndi asexually.

Yerekezerani ubwino

Tikumbukenso kuti njira zonse za kubereka ana ndi ubwino wake. Mwachitsanzo, pali Ubwino akatswiri asexual kubalana:

• luso kusewera ambiri a anthu;
• ana akufanana kholo lake pa malo onse.

Njira kubereka anthu latsopano limachititsa mofulumira kupeza mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi opindulitsa pa mitundu kuti kukhala ndi nthawi zonse. Ndi mofulumira, ambiri yeniyeni kubalana wa mabuku a chamoyo akuchikazi ndi tanthauzo la asexual kubalana. njira yopangira ana ntchito zomera ndi zamoyo.

Koma kugonana kubalana khalidwe la Ambiri mwa zamoyo. Iwo akhoza kuonetsetsa zosiyanasiyana majini a bulanchi analandira toyesa. Timatha iwo mwamsanga azolowere kusintha kwa zinthu pa moyo. Inde, pa mapangidwe osakaniza yatsopano imene imachititsa a chamoyo amapezeka makolo.

Mitundu ya mbewu asexual kubalana

Pali njira zingapo kuti zamoyo osiyana popanda maselo nyongolosi. Kuphunzira zamoyo. Kubereka, mitundu ya zinthu wocheperapo imene sasintha, akhoza zochokera chimodzi kapena zingapo maselo kugawa.

Pankhani yoyamba mitundu olekanitsidwa:

• Single kapena ochulukitsa (schizogony) selo magawano;
• sporulation;
• tating'ono budding.

Pamene tikugawana gulu gulu selo anachita motere:

• kugawikana;
• budding multicellular zamoyo (mwachitsanzo, hydra).

Aliyense wa mitundu ya asexual kubalana ali makhalidwe yake.

mitundu ya kubalana

Njira yosavuta ndi gulu mwachizolowezi. Ndi yambiri losavuta. Zitsanzo asexual chulutsa ndi fission bayinare: amoeba, ciliates slipper euglena wobiriwira.

Ponseponse ankaona sporulation. Ndi khalidwe la pafupifupi onse zomera, bowa ndi zina zamoyo yosavuta prokaryotic (mwachitsanzo mabakiteriya kapena buluu wobiriwira algae).

zingapo unicellular ndi zamoyo multicellular, pali mtundu ngati wa kuswana, ngati budding. Izi zimachitika motere: kugundana limapezeka pa thupi la mayi, amene kumawonjezera kukula. Mu yemweyo ndiye pali zoyambira za ziwalo zonse. Pamene ndondomeko kumathera, budding amapezeka. coelenterates njira kubalana ntchito (hydra), unicellular (yisiti ena mitundu ciliates).

Koma wina angathe tchulani zitsanzo zina za asexual kubalana wa zamoyo. Choncho, musaiwale za kugawikana. Mu ndondomekoyi, kholo munthu lagawidwa magawo angapo. Ndi aliyense wa iwo anapanga latsopano chamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, filamentous algae Spirogyra lingathetsedwe pa malo aliwonse. Magawo awiri m'tsogolo adzalandira awiri thupi latsopano.

Zomera yodziwika ndi kafalitsidwe vegetative. Malinga ndi mfundo zako izo sasiyana ku budding kapena kugawikana. Chomera akhoza kupanga nyumba wapadera zofunika kubalana. Zikamera wa wocheperapo kwa cha thupi ndi zotheka ndi chamoyo akuchikazi.

syngenesis

Kwambiri zinthu zamoyo kubereka okha zamoyo ndi kaphatikizidwe nkhani chibadwa cha anthu awiri. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, a gametes awiri angakondwere nazo zosakaniza, ndipo zotsatira zake ndi diploid zygote. Mu chitukuko cha thupi lake latsopano zonse akutembenukira. Mitundu ya kubereka ya zinthu yodziwika ndi ena zomera maluwa, nyama kwambiri ndipo, ndithudi, munthu.

Gametes ndi mitundu iwiri - chachimuna ndi chachikazi. Ngati mawonekedwe ndi dioecious, aliyense wa mitundu selo opangidwa anthu ankalemekeza mwamuna ndi mkazi. Ena zamoyo amatha kutulutsa mitundu onse a gametes paokha. Pankhaniyi iwo amatchedwa hermaphrodites.

N'zothekanso kugonana kubalana imene gametes sali nawo. Izi mitundu monga conjugation, gametangiogamiya, apogamy, gologamiya.

Njira kubalana

zamoyo zonse wapangidwa maselo. kukula ndi chitukuko ndi zotheka chifukwa chakuti mowirikiza chinaonekeranso. Pa moyo wa mibadwo ya foni ndipo akamwalira. Iwo m'malo ndi ena. Njira yokhayo Maselo latsopano ndi gulu la akapolo anzawo akale. Iyi ndi ndondomeko zofunika kwa cholengedwa chirichonse moyo. Mwachitsanzo, mu thupi la munthu aliyense chachiwiri lagawidwa miliyoni angapo mayunitsi.

Akatswiri tafotokozeramu njira zitatu kuchulukana selo. Direct magawano otchedwa amitosis, mosadziwika - mitosis, kuchepetsa - meiosis. Kaya mawonekedwe a kubalana wa zamoyo, aliyense deta kuphatikizapo ikuyenda njira.

Amitosis ndi mitosis

The osachepera wamba ndi bwino kuphunzira magawano selo zimachitika amitosis. Mu ndondomekoyi, pakati lagawidwa ndi constriction a. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuonetsetsa yunifolomu kufalitsidwa kwa nkhani kumtundu zosatheka. Selo lagawidwa ndi amitosis, nthawi zambiri, nkhabe kukwanisa kuchita mkombero zonse mitosis. Choncho, amaona kuti watsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa.

njira Universal la kubalana maselo eukaryotic ndi mitosis. Maselo nyama chitadutsa, kawirikawiri kwa ola limodzi. Musati phindu la kubalana zamoyo chifukwa ndi uyamiko kwa Iye, unafotokoza chitukuko ndi kukula kwa zinthu zonse.

mitosis

Akuyambira njira zonse zimene zimachitika pa mapangidwe maselo atsopano, amaitcha cell mkombero. Amakhala ndi magawo atatu: interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis. Nthawi mkombero zimadalira mitundu maselo, ndi ku zinthu zina. Anakhudzidwa ndi kutentha, kupezeka michere, oxygen. Mwachitsanzo, mu epithelium matumbo ndi mapangidwe maselo atsopano amapezeka pa mphindi 8-10 akanika - aliyense mphindi 20.

Ndondomeko akuyamba ndi interphase. Panthawi imeneyi, pali njira kukula kwambiri. Ndisonyezeni zinthu kuthandiza kuonjezera selo ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito zonse zimene anapatsidwa. Pa interphase ndi DNA kugawanika.

Mwachindunji pa gawo mitosis amapezeka fission nyukiliya. Chromatids pa ndondomeko ndi anapatukana anapanga adagawanso pakati pa maselo mwana wamkazi monga khromozomu.

Ndondomeko, imene asiyane dongosolo latsopano la cytoplasm anacemerwa cytokinesis.

Pa mitosis, maselo anapanga, imene mudziwe kumtundu kwathunthu ndi zimene kholo lake. Pa mnjira anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero DNA.

meiosis

Mu njira imeneyi, magawano selo khromozomu nambala halved. Izi zipangitsa nyama ndi kugonana kubalana sporogenesis zomera. Pa meiosis pali awiri motsatizana magawano, ndipo poyambirira iwo umodzi reduplication ya DNA.

zipangizo zonse zofunikira njira izi kuwonjezera pa nthawi imene siteji kuyambirira - interphase. Gawo lirilonse la magawano ndi kugawidwa m'mbali zinayi: prophase, metaphase, anaphase ndi telophase. Gawo imodzi ndipo mu mitosis, koma aliyense ndondomeko ali makhalidwe yake.

Origin meiosis - kugawikana kwa maselo angapo DNA yafupika ndi maulendo 2. haploid awiri kuchokera maphunziro wina diploid. Panthawi imeneyi, njira muchokera DNA helix anapanga magawano spindle. Komanso, conjugation ndi ikuchitika mu prophase DNA magazi. The nthunzi chifukwa kupanga bivalent. M'madera ena chromatids kupandira. Zimenezi amatchedwa kudutsa.

Chomaliza ndi otchedwa meiosis chachiwiri. mugawo ili, limene maselo anapanga ndi akonzedwa haploid DNA, wopangidwa mwa chromatid wina. Chifukwa njira anafotokoza mapangidwe diploid (kapena oogonia spermatogonia) masamba maselo 4.

tanthauzo Tizilombo ndi mapangidwe maselo meiotic kuti kupereka nyama kuswana kapena kugonana spore lomenyera nyama apamwamba. Iyi ndi njira zimatsimikizira ntchito yokonza majini kubalana yakuti mitundu.

Makamaka kugonana ndi asexual kubalana wa zamoyo

Malinga ndi mmene maselo kugawanitsa kubereka kuti zimatulutsa osiyanasiyana ndondomeko imeneyi. Payokha, tisaiwale kuti apulumuke zamoyo zambiri mu zikhalidwe zikusintha chifukwa cha mfundo kwambiri kuti akhoza kuphatikiza njira zosiyanasiyana kubalana.

Kumene, kugonana ndi asexual kubalana a mtundu wawo wa zinthu losiyana kwambiri. Table kuswana mitundu kudzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa zimene kusiyana ofunika.

Zikuonekeratu kuti njira kugonana kubalana wa zamoyo ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa kwambiri. Koma asexually zipangitsa kudya kubwezeretsa kwa ambiri ana. Mu kubereka wa zamoyo chiwerengero cha bulanchi ikukula kwambiri mofulumira.