Model: yonse ya zanyengo, lingaliro ndi malongosoledwe

Munthu aliyense amakono akukumana nalo tsiku ndi malingaliro a "chinthu" ndi "chitsanzo". akutsutsa Zitsanzo ngati zinthu lomwenso kukhudza (buku, nthaka, tebulo, cholembera, pensulo) ndi kuwerengedwa (nyenyezi, thambo, zimiyala), zinthu zilandiridwenso luso ndi ntchito ozindikira (nkhani, ndakatulo, yankho zithunzi, nyimbo ndi ena). Aliyense chinthu chimene munthu anazindikira wonse yekha.

Chinthu. Species. makhalidwe a

Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, wina akhoza kunena kuti chinthu ndi mbali ya dziko kunja, kuti akhoza anazindikira wonse. Chidutswa ali munthu yake kuzindikira makhalidwe amene kuwasiyanitsa ndi zina (mawonekedwe, kuchuluka kwa ntchito, mtundu, fungo, kukula ndi zina zotero). Khalidwe lofunika kwambiri la chinthu ndi dzina, koma dzina sizingawakwanire kufotokoza kwathunthu kwa zidazo. The kotheratu ndi mwatsatanetsatane anafotokoza chinthu, kosavuta ndondomeko akuzindikira.

Model. Tanthauzo. Gawo

M'zochita zake (maphunziro, sayansi, luso, sayansi) Anthu ntchito tsiku alipo ndi kulenga zitsanzo watsopano wa dziko lakunja. Iwo amakulolani kupanga kuganiza za njira ndi zinthu zimene kufikako chifukwa maganizo mwachindunji (kakang'ono kwambiri kapena, Tikawonetsetsa lalikulu kwambiri, wodekha kwambiri kapena kudya kwambiri, kutali kwambiri, ndi zina zotero).

Kotero, chitsanzo - ndi chinthu chimene amasonyeza mbali yofunika kwambiri chodabwitsa pansi kuphunzira, chinthu kapena ndondomeko. Pangakhale yofanana angapo zitsanzo za chinthu chomwecho, komanso zinthu zingapo tinganene kuti ndi chitsanzo limodzi. Mwachitsanzo, ndi zinthu zofanana ikutuluka zimango, pamene wosiyana nkhani chipolopolo thupi tingasonyezere mfundo zakuthupi kuti ndi chitsanzo chomwecho (munthu, galimoto, sitima, ndege).

Nkofunika kukumbukira kuti palibe chitsanzo umodzi sangathe kwathunthu m'malo fano chinthu monga okha amasonyeza ena katundu. Koma nthawi zina yankho la mavuto apadera osiyana sayansi ndi mafakitale mumaganiza kufotokoza maonekedwe a chitsanzo silingakhoze kokha kukhala zothandiza, koma mwayi kuti atchule ndi kuona makhalidwe makamaka wa chinthu.

Kuchuluka kwa zinthu mawerengeredwe

Chitsanzo mbali yofunika muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa munthu mu sayansi, maphunziro, malonda, zomangamanga, ndi ena. Mwachitsanzo, popanda kapangidwe zotheka ndi khamu la zipangizo luso, makina, madera magetsi, makina, nyumba ndi zina zotero, monga wopanda kuwerengetsera kuyambirira ndi kupanga zojambula amasulidwe ngakhale mfundo zosavuta zosatheka.

zitsanzo Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolinga maphunziro. Iwo amatchedwa zithunzi. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la zintchito za Dziko Lapansi dziko ndi munthu afika, kuphunzira lonse. Komanso zogwirizana ndi zitsanzo zooneka maphunziro ena a sayansi (zimapangidwira, sayansi, masamu, zamoyo, ndi zina).

Nawonso chitsanzo ongolankhula wa kufunika mu kuphunzira zachilengedwe ndi enieni sayansi (zamoyo, umagwirira, sayansi, masamu). Amatsanzira katundu, khalidwe ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu poyera phunzirolo.

Kumutsatira monga njira

Mawerengeredwe - njira ya cognition, kuphatikizapo kuphunzira wogwila chilengedwe zitsanzo atsopano. Phunziro la chidziwitso cha sayansi ndi chitsanzo. Mitundu ya zanyengo ndi pachikhalidwe malinga ndi katundu osiyanasiyana. Monga amadziwika, aliyense chinthu ali ndi kuchuluka kwa makhalidwe. Pamene munakonza chitsanzo makamaka aime yekha zofunika kwambiri kuthetsa vutolo.

The ndondomeko ya kulenga zitsanzo ndi zilandiridwenso luso yosiyanasiyana zake zonse. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pafupifupi aliyense luso kapena zolembalemba ntchito Tingaone chitsanzo cha chinthu chenicheni. Mwachitsanzo, zojambula ndi zitsanzo za malo enieni, komabe lifes, anthu, ntchito zolembalemba - zitsanzo za moyo wa munthu ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kupanga chitsanzo cha ndegeyo kufufuza makhalidwe ake kuuluka bwino potsatira njira n'kofunika kuti awonetsere katundu zojambula wa pachiyambi, koma izo mwamtheradi si zofunika mtundu.

Zinthu zomwezo mu sayansi osiyanasiyana amene anaphunzira ku mfundo zosiyanasiyana view, ndi mitundu wawo wa zitsanzo kuphunzira kudzakhala osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, sayansi amaphunzira njira ndi zotsatira za ntchito mogwirizana kwa zinthu, umagwirira - zimapangidwira, zamoyo - khalidwe ndi kapangidwe ka zamoyo.

Model wachibale nthawi Chinthu

Wachibale nthawi chitsanzo lagawidwa mitundu iwiri: malo amodzi ndi zazikulu. Chitsanzo cha mtundu woyamba ndi kamodzi anthu tione chipatala. Chimasonyeza chithunzi cha mkhalidwe wake wa thanzi pa nthawiyo, pamene khadi lake mankhwala adzakhala chitsanzo zazikulu, zimene zimagwirizana kusintha zinkachitika mu thupi kwa nthawi winawake wa nthawi.

Model. Mitundu ya zitsanzo mawonekedwe

Pamene tikuona chitsanzo zingasiyane malingana ndi makhalidwe osiyana. Choncho, onse pakalipano mitundu zitsanzo deta akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri chachikulu: nkhaniyo (nkhani), ndi zambiri.

Mtundu woyamba chikutumiza thupi, geometrical ndi zina zimatha zinthu mu maonekedwe chogwirika (anatomical moulage, lonse, nyumba mawonekedwe ndi zina zotero).

Mitundu zitsanzo zambiri amasiyana mawonekedwe a Kuzindikira: wophiphiritsa ndi yophiphiritsa. Inasinthira chitsanzo (photos, zojambula, etc.) ndi kuzindikira zithunzi chinthu, pa zina atolankhani atathana (zithunzi, mafilimu, pepala kapena digito). Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzitsira (zithunzi), kuphunzira sayansi zosiyanasiyana (zomera, zamoyo, paleontology, ndi ena). Wodziwika bwino chitsanzo - ndi kukhazikitsa mipherezero ndi zizindikiro za machitidwe chilankhulo. Iwo akhoza kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a mitunduyi, malemba, matebulo, matchati, ndi zina zotero. Pali milandu kumene, kupanga chitsanzo ophiphiritsa (mitundu zitsanzo makamaka zimafalitsa zili kuti mukufuna kuphunzira makhalidwe ena a chinthu), ntchito zilankhulo zambiri odziwika bwino. Chitsanzo pa nkhaniyi ndi chintchito zosiyanasiyana, matchati, mapu, ndi monga, amene ntchito ngati zithunzi ndi zilembo za kachitidwe chinenero.

Chifukwa cha malipoti mfundo nezi zosiyanasiyana m'moyo ntchito mitundu zitatu zitsanzo zambiri: network masanjidwe ndi tabular. Awa, wotchuka kwambiri ndi lotsiriza ntchito kukonza zosiyanasiyana limati wa zinthu ndi deta awo khalidwe.

Tabular kukhazikitsa chitsanzo

Mtundu wa chitsanzo zambiri, monga zanenedwa pamwambapa, ndi otchuka kwambiri. Izo zikuwoneka motere: si zachilendo, wopangidwa mwa mizere ndi mizati tebulo mizati amakona anayi amene anadzazidwa ndi zizindikiro za chimodzi mwa zilankhulo wotchuka wodziwika bwino. Ikani tabular chitsanzo makhalidwe a zinthu kuti ndi katundu yemweyo. Ndi thandizo lawo, mu zosiyanasiyana akhoza analenga zitsanzo zonse zazikulu ndiponso malo amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, tebulo munali ntchito masamu, ndi deta zosiyanasiyana zowerengera, ndandanda sitima, ndi zina zotero.

Masamu chitsanzo. Mitundu zitsanzo

Osiyana mitundu mudziwe zitsanzo ndi masamu. Mitundu yonse ya zitsanzo masamu nthawi zambiri amakhala maikwezhoni, lolembedwa cha masamu ameneŵa. Kuthetsa mavuto amenewa amagwiritsidwa zochokera kufufuza ofanana masinthidwe kuti atsogolere mawu a variable ndi dongosolo ndi. Palinso ena maikwezhoni ndi njira yeniyeni (lalikulu, liniya, trigonometric, ndi zina zotero). Motero, zochita zawo ndi kutsatira njira zothetsera pafupifupi molondola kuperekedwa, mwa kulankhula kwina, izi mitundu deta masamu, onse n'zosangalatsa kumva (bisection njira), zithunzi (akufuna) ndi ena. njira Bisection ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chikhalidwe chimene gawo umadziwika, kumene ntchito kwa mfundo zina za muzu wa aone kuti pali la amatenga mfundo kumalo ozizira.

njira yomanga ndi ndandanda logwirizana. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati momwe zinalili pamwamba, ndi zinthu komwe chigamulo zitha kukhala pafupifupi, osati ncholinga chofuna, mu nkhani ya otchedwa "akhakula" chifukwa kuthetsa maikwezhoni.