Lawmaking: lingaliro mfundo mitundu

Amadziwika kuti ndi malamulo a makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe abwino yanthanda pa anthu zimene zimachitikadi chikhalidwe ndi sali pansi - olemba amene anabwera nawo. Samalozera ndi nthawi yatsoka kwa makamaka makhalidwe abwino ndi za chikumbumtima cha khalidwe. Mosiyana ndi malamulo a makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, lamulo uka ndi kukhala nthawi zonse mu njira ya ntchito akatswiri a mabungwe wapadera gulu. Zimenezi amatchedwa lamulo la kupanga. Motero, lamulo la kupanga lingaliro ndi mfundo mitundu ya malamulo zochita zonse zotengera malingaliridwe ndi lockable nthawi. Pachikhalidwe lamulo kupanga nthawi zambiri chinkhoswe mu mwapadera analengedwa kuti ziwalo cholinga cha boma. The causal maziko a lawmaking ndi pravoobrazovaniya - unakhazikitsidwa mu moyo wapoyera pa mwambo wa khalidwe ndi chilolezo malamulo safotokoza mawonekedwe a zochita malamulo.

Monga zigawo structural m'gulu lamulo la kupanga: lingaliro mfundo mitundu ndi mawonekedwe. Monga tanenera kale, lawmaking pafupifupi nthawi yoyamba lamulo chifukwa mfundo zili ndi N'zazikulu kuposa lingaliro ndi mfundo za lawmaking.

Chodabwitsa lawmaking anawagawira pa malo osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo kupanga lingaliro, mfundo za maganizo osiyanasiyana pa subjectivity, ndiko, kwa mabungwe amene ali ndi ufulu kugwira ntchito yomwe ikuchitika. Pali mawonekedwe a chilamulo koyenera, monga referendum, umene ndi mwachindunji mwamsanga malamulo kupanga anthu onse, ikuchitika mu njira ya kukavota. M'mayiko ena, monga Switzerland, mitundu ndi ofunika kupanga zosankha zofunika kwambiri m'dziko lonselo kapena dera linalake m'chaka mu dziko lino ikuchitika zitatu ndi theka referendums zikwi. Mtundu ambiri ndi lamulo kupanga, kuyendetsedwa ndi mwapadera anapanga ndi cholinga akuluakulu a boma. Pa mlingo zimenezi, anatsindika losiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe a chilamulo kupanga.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati bungwe anthu yokha akufotokozera lamulo lokha akuupereka mphamvu malamulo, ntchito imeneyi zimagawidwa monga mwachindunji lamulo kupanga. Lingaliro mfundo mitundu nawonso akupangidwa ndi thupi ili.

Ngati thupi anthu akudutsa ntchito pa chilengedwe cha malamulo mwalamulo thupi lina, umatchedwa WOPEREKEDWA lawmaking. Ovomerezeka lamulo kupanga anatchula zinthu zimenezi, zimene ulamuliro onse amavomereza yekha zochita malamulo anayamba ndi mabungwe ena, kuphatikizapo omwe si a boma.

Legislating m'kagulu ndinalandira mphamvu malamulo a kachitidwe malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo amapanga malamulo - monga thupi apamwamba malamulo. Zinali wapadera wake enshrined mu Constitution. Onse mabungwe ena a mphamvu mu nkhani iyi kutenga malamulo.

Modern malamulo sayansi kupeza mfundo zotsatirazi za lamulo kupanga:

- demokalase, akuyembekezeka nawo ndondomeko malamulo a zotheka osiyanasiyana linafalitsidwa kwambiri kwa nzika zonse. Iwo akuyendera mitundu monga chisankhocho ndi, referendum, kukambirana pagulu, omasukirana, ntchito yamalamulo ndi.

- malamulo kupereka ngakhale a malamulo a magulu kuti mchitidwe malamulo sichikutsutsana ndi zinthu zina malamulo a mphamvu apamwamba malamulo.

- sayansi kumafuna kubweretsa chilengedwe cha malamulo a akatswiri a sayansi ndi ntchito ya sayansi. Mfundo imeneyi chimagwiritsidwa akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko malamulo kuti zinachitikira lonse cha ntchito iyi, mchitidwe anasonkhanitsa, maphunziro awa nkhani ndi mfundo zokhudza kusintha mu chikumbumtima malamulo a anthu.

- Timeliness, amene anazindikira momwe kufunika kusankha lenileni ndi makamaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo. Izi ndi anaonetsetsa ndi Luso mkulu wodziwa bwino za mamembala a chilamulo yopanga zinthu.

- Executive, kulola kukhala ndi kutenga zochita kwenikweni ogwira malamulo.

- olengeza ndi chiphunzitso kulankhulana ndi zochitika zimene zimapereka olengeza lawmaking.