Mwachidule yonena Radischeva Aleksandra Nikolaevicha. Zosangalatsa za Wolemba

Radishchev mu ntchito yake yotchuka, analemba za mmene wodyerana mtengo landlords ndi serfs awo. Anaona kusowa kwa ufulu wa anthu, ndi chiwawa chadzidzidzi pa iye. Alexander chitsanzo cha kupanduka serfs, asatayiretu mtima. Pakuti uyu anali kulipira kwambiri. Aleksandra Radischeva anali ku ukapolo ... Ndi zonse izi ndi zina zambiri inu kudziwa mbiri Radishchev.

Origin Radishcheva

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi ulaliki wa ngwazi wathu. Radishchev Alexander Nikolaevich - wotchuka Russian wolemba ntawiri wa "nzeru maphunziro." Wambiri Radishcheva akuyamba August 31, 1749 (Old kalendala - August 20). Iwo anali sanabadwe Alexander. Radischev Afanasiy Prokopevich, agogo ake a wolemba m'tsogolo, anali mmodzi wa Petro zoseketsa. Iye anawuka kwa Mulingo wa brigadier. mwana wake Nicholas Athanasius Petrovich anapereka maphunziro abwino. Nicholas anali Afanasievich Radishchev Saratov Mwenechiroache mundu. Ndipo Thekla Stepanovna, mayi Alexander anali ku banja Argamakovyh, wachikulire wolemekezeka banja. mwana wake woyamba anali Alexander Radishchev. Wambiri ndi ntchito za wolemba yaikulu imene otchuka ndi dzina limenelo.

Maphunziro mu Ablyazov zoyenera Moscow

malo bambo inali mu Upper Ablyazov. Alexander aphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba Russian pa Masalmo ndi Bukhu la Maola. Pamene iye anali ndi zaka 6, izo anatumizidwa ku French, koma kusankha mphunzitsi anasonyeza kuti zinalephereka. Patapita anamva kuti ku France anali wobisala msilikali. Atate anaganiza kutumiza ku Moscow mwana wake. Apa iye anali m'manja mwa France-namkungwi amene kale anali mlangizi ku nyumba ya malamulo ya Rouen, koma anathawa popitikitsidwa ndi kuzunza Louis XV.

Alexander mu 1756 ananditumiza ku sukulu mfulu, ali pa yunivesite ya Moscow. zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi maphunziro anapitiriza mmenemo. Mu Moscow, mu September 1762, a coronation wa Catherine II. olemekezeka ambiri zinkalimbikitsidwa pamalo pa chochitika ichi. Wambiri Radishchev zinali zodzaza ndi chochitika chofunika kwa iye Nov. 25: Alexander anapatsidwa masamba.

Monga Radishchev anabwera kunja

Iye anafika ku St. Petersburg mu January 1764, ndipo anaphunzitsidwa Corps a Masamba kuti 1766 Catherine anaganiza kutumiza kwa maphunziro sayansi Leipzig 12 achinyamata otchuka, kuphatikizapo - 6 masamba, zikayenda bwino kwambiri ku chiphunzitso ndi khalidwe, wakhala mmodzi mwa anthu mwayi ndi Radishchev . Pamene ophunzira anatumizidwa kunja Catherine II panokha malangizo pa zimene ayenera kuchita olembedwa. ndalama zambiri apatsidwa amanena - pa rubles choyamba cha 800 ndipo mu 1769 - chikwi pa chaka.

Moyo Leipzig

Komabe, Major Bocoum, anali ngati yosamalira anthu olemekezeka, kuwamana ndalama kwambiri mtima wawo, chotero ophunzira ayenera. Radishchev, amene yonena ndife chidwi, amakamba za anakhala kunja mu "Moyo wa FV Ushakov". Tinali ndithu makalasi osiyanasiyana a achinyamata Leipzig. Iwo anaphunzira mbalume, malamulo mbiri. Malinga ndi malangizo Catherine II, ophunzira akhoza chinkhoswe pa chifuniro, ndi "maphunziro ena a sayansi." Radishchev anasankha umagwirira ndi mankhwala. Iye anakhala nawo chidwi osati ankachita masewera, koma yaikulu kwambiri. Alexander ngakhale kudutsa kumupima dokotala ndi bwinobwino ukugwira chithandizo. Chimodzi mwa zochitika amalikonda nthawizonse kukhala monga kalasi mu zimapangidwira. Radishchev ankadziwa zinenero zosiyana (Latin, French, German). Kenako iye anaphunzira Italy ndi English. Atakhala zaka 5 Leipzig, Radishchev, ngati comrades ake, adayiwala Chirasha. Choncho iye anayamba kulimbana ndi iwo kubwerera ku Russia motsogozedwa Ekateriny Hrapovitskogo mlembi.

Tikaonanso St. Petersburg, anatumikira mu Senate

Akamaliza maphunziro Alexander anakhala munthu wophunzira kwambiri, umene panthawi imeneyo sanali kwambiri, osati dziko lathu komanso dziko. Mu 1771 Radishchev anabwerera ku St. Petersburg. Iye Posakhalitsa wolemba kwa Senate. The udindo wa titular phungu Alexander mwachidule anatumikira monga wakwiya chosadziwa chinenero, ndi kulemedwa pa mabwana pempho ndi clerks kucheza.

Service ku likulu la Bryusova Ine V kamerts College, ukwati

Radishchev anaganiza kulowa likulu la General Wamkulu-wa-wa Bryusov, amene analamulira ku St. Petersburg. Iye anakhala Auditor aakulu. Alexander mu 1775 atapuma pantchito mkuuka udindo wa akuluakulu chachiwiri. Rubanovskii, mmodzi wa anzake a Leipzig, anayambitsa Aleksandra Radischeva ndi mchimwene wa banja aakulu. Anna Vasilievna, mwana wamkazi wa otsiriza, ndi wokwatiwa Alexander.

Mu 1778, iye ankakhulupirira m'gulu la kamerts-bolodi kwa udindo wa assessor. Mu 1788, Radishchev unasamutsidwira St. Petersburg miyambo. Iye anakhala woyang'anira wothandizira kenako woyang'anira. Miyambo, ndi kamerts College Alexander Radishchev wolemekezeka kudzipereka kwa ntchito, kusadziona kukhala wopambana ena, mtima kwambiri ntchito yawo.

Ntchito yoyamba zolembalemba

Kuwerenga ndi kuphunzira Chirasha anamutengera kenako zitsanzo zake zolembalemba. Mu 1773, Radishchev lofalitsidwa Baibulo la ntchito za Mably, kenako anayamba mbiri ya Russia ya Senate, koma anawononga olembedwawo.

Buku, amene wabweretsa kutchuka ndi kukhala oopsa

Wambiri Radishcheva akupitiriza imfa ya mkazi wake wokondedwa. Izo zinachitika mu 1783. Patatha izi, Alexander anaganiza agwera mu ntchito mabuku ndi kupeza bwino. Atalemba mu 1789 "The Life of Fedora Vasilevicha Ushakova ...". Radishchev, kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Mfumukazi ya ufulu zomera yosindikiza, anayamba m'nyumba yake, ndi 1790 anamasulidwa wake nkhani zofunika kwambiri lotchedwa "Ulendo ku St. Petersburg ku Moscow."

Mwamsanga pamene bukhu mofulumira anagula. Mnthawi kulingalira Alexander Nikolaevich za serfdom, komanso zinthu zina zochitika pa moyo zandale ndiponso nthawi imeneyo anazindikira kwambiri Catherine II, imene munthu anapereka "Travel ...".

Kufufuza anaphonya "Ulendo ..."

Kwambiri chidwi yonena Radishchev. Zosangalatsa za iye achuluka. Iwo akhoza sizikugwirizana mu mtundu wa nkhani umodzi. Komabe, mmodzi wa iwo adzapeza otchulidwa. Buku Radishchev linatulutsidwa ndi chilolezo cha khalidwe bungwe, mwachitsanzo ya kufufuza. Komabe, ndi woyambitsa Kuthi onse anayamba. Kodi izi ndi zotheka? chakuti "Ulendo ..." anapitirira kufufuza basi chifukwa m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu ndinaganiza bukuli. Inde, pa koyamba, zingaoneke choncho - mutu amatchulidwa malo ndi mizinda. Othana anayang'ana zili okha ndipo sanali wofufuza bukhu.

Kumangidwa ndi kupezrkha

Ife nthawi yomweyo ophunzira woyambitsa wa ntchito, monga dzina lake m'buku sanali mwachindunji. Komabe, pambuyo amangidwe wamalonda Zotov, sitolo zomwe anagulitsa ntchito Radishchev tinaphunzira kuti anali kudwala-fated Alexander analemba ndi lofalitsidwa ntchito yake. Radishchev anamangidwa, ndipo nkhani yake "anapatsa" kutsogolera Sheshkovsky. Mfumukazi amaiwala kuti Alexander Radishchev anaphunzira "chilamulo chachibadwidwe" ndi kunja, ndi Corps wa Pages, kuti iye anapatsidwa chilolezo ndi kulalikira ndi kulalikira mfundo za munthu, amene amatchulidwa mu "Travel". Catherine II anachita ntchito ya Alexander Nikolayevich ndi mkwiyo kwambiri. Mfumukazi Radishchev ogwira nkhani ndi anatha mu chinthu chonsecho Bezborodko.

Alexander anaika m'linga, kumene mafunso Sheshkovsky. Mobwerezabwereza anasonyeza chisoni, anakana mabuku Radischev olembedwa ndi iye. Mwachidule yonena za Paulo, sayenera kunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti mu umboni wakewo, iye Nthawi zambiri makhalidwe omwewo kuti anatchula ntchito zake. ngwazi wathu ndi chionetsero cha chisoni akhadikhira pochepetsa chilango n'kulimbana naye. Komabe, iye sakanakhoza kubisa zikhulupiriro zake Radishchev.

Mwachidule yonena za moyo wake, ndi zachilendo. Zikuonekeratu kuti tsoka la Alexander Nikolayevich anali anathana pasadakhale. Iye anali wolakwa kale mu lamulo la mlandu. Linapangidwa kufufuza mwachidule za chipinda chigawenga. wokhutira ndi zimene zili m'kalata yopita ku Chiwerengero Bezborodko Bruce, mkulu mu St. Petersburg. Radishchev anali kuti aphedwe.

Mitigating tsoka

Anapitirira mu Senate kenako Council chiganizo wakhala udakhazikika mwa awiri a malemba amenewa, kenako anapereka kwa Mfumukazi. September 4, 1790 anali inakhazikitsa lamulo, kuvomereza Alexander Nikolaevich wolakwa chopunthwitsa ndi maudindo nzika lumbiro Nsanja ya buku lino. Vinyo Aleksandra Radischeva, monga ananena mmenemo, kotero iye ayenera kuphedwa. Komabe, mu chifundo ndipo pambuyo mapeto a pangano mtendere ndi Sweden oterowo Chilango chaukali m'malo ndi mawu onena za ndende Ilim ili Siberia. Iye ayenera kukhala kumeneko kwa zaka 10. Ine ndinali nthawi yomweyo mu kuphedwa lamulo.

zaka mwakhama ukapolo

nthawi yovuta anakumana dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev. mbiri yake yodziwika ndi mayeso ovuta yomweyo pambuyo akamuweruze. Amene anamangidwa m'chilimwe cha wolemba chomuyenera wopanda zovala ofunda ku linga la. Zikuoneka Catherine II ankaganiza kuti Radishchev, kale kuvutika maganizo ake wake, adzataika panjira. Amadziwika kuti Werengerani Vorontsov anatumiza ndalama kwa kazembe wa Tver kuti Aleksandru Radischevu anagulidwa zonse muyenera ulendo wautali.

Dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev, amene yonena akupitiriza Ilim m'ndende, anakhala pano kwa pafupifupi 5 zaka. Komabe, iye sanali kukhumudwa. Radishchev ankachitira anthu am'deralo. Alexander variolating ana, wokonzeka kunyumba uvuni, komwe anayamba kuwomba mbiya. Ndipo, ndithudi, iye anapitiriza ntchito yake zolembalemba.

tcheru aliyense anakopeka tsoka chisoni wolemba wotchuka ngati Radischev dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich. Mwachidule yonena za iye sitiyenera kuphonya ndi chilango cha ziletso pa iye, zinkawoneka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri anthu, panali mphekesera zoti Alexander akhululukidwa, kuti anali pafupi kubwerera ku ukapolo. Komabe, si zabwino.

Relations ndi EV Rubanovskii

Mu Siberia anabwera kwa iye EV Rubanovskaya, mlongo wake wa mkazi wake akufa, anatenga ana ake aang'ono (kuti ophunzira ana wamkulu anatsala ndi achibale). Radishchev kuti Ilimsk anakhala wolimba ndi mkazi uyu. Komabe, ufulu kukwatira kapena kukwatiwa, iwo anali. Izi ukugwira kuti kugonana ndi wachibale komanso anali kuphwanya malamulo mpingo. Mu ukapolo Radishchev Elizabeth V. anabala ana atatu. Iye anamwalira mu 1797 ku chimfine mu Tobolsk, pamene kubwerera ku ukapolo. Komabe, chintchito mkazi amene mwachidwi, ndi Decembrists, osati anali kuyamikira anthu a m'nthawi yake. Ngakhale pambuyo pa imfa ya Elizabeth V. iwo ndi Aleksandrom Nikolaevichem anapitiriza mlandu. Pamene Radishchev kunyumba, Nikolay Afanasyevitch bambo ake akhungu, anakana kutenga zidzukulu. Iye ananena kuti akwatire sister- mpongozi Sindingachite. Ngati Radischev mtsikana anasankha dzikolo, iye angatenge ake, ndi Elizabeth V. sindingakhoze.

homecoming

Atangobadwa inalowa mpando wachifumu wa Mfumu Paulo anabwerera ku Siberia amenewa yofunika pagulu chithunzi monga Radischev dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich. Mwachidule yonena za zaka patapita chinali ndi mavuto atsopano. Pepani lamulolo November 23, 1796. Alexander analamulidwa moyo m'mudzi m'chigawo Nemtsov Kaluga, komwe munda wake unali. Pakuti makalata ndi khalidwe Radishchev anapatsidwa kazembe. Alexander pambuyo ulamuliro wa Mfumu Alexander I ali ndi ufulu wonse. Iye anaitanidwa kuti St. Petersburg. Pali membala wa ntchito kwa drafting malamulo osiyanasiyana Alexander Radishchev. Mwachidule yonena yopuma wake, ndithu mwadzidzidzi. Kodi izi zinachitika bwanji? Tsopano inu mukudziwa momwe zatha AN Radishchev. yonena wake anamaliza zachilendo kwambiri.

imfa Radishcheva

Anabadwa ndi Ilyinsky, Alexander Nikolayevich zosiyana, umboni kuti nthano ya imfa wake uli wowona. Malinga ndi iye, Radishchev anagonjera kusodza malamulo kusintha. Iwo kamodzinso kuika patsogolo kumasulidwa kwa osawuka ndi. Ndiye Zithunzi Zavadovsky, mlembi wa lamulo, Alexander Nikolayevich anapanga lingaliro okhwima malingaliro ake, kumukumbutsa m'mbuyomu changu chake. Zavadovsky nkomwe za ukapolo ku Siberia. Radishchev, amene thanzi adakwiya kwambiri, ndipo misempha mantha, anali logwedezeka ndi kumuopseza kuti mowakalipira Zavadsky, ngakhale anaganiza kuti adziphe.

Alexander kumwa poizoni. Iye anafa mwa ululu waukulu. Radishchev anamwalira pa September 12, 1802 pa usiku. Alexander Nikolayevich anaikidwa Volkov manda.

Kuletsa dzina lake Radishchev ndi konzanso

Long anagona kuletsa dzina wolemba wamkulu AN Radishchev. Mwachidule yonena za zofuna zake lero ambiri, koma atamwalira dzina lake pafupifupi sizinayambe kulisindikiza. Nkhani zambiri zokhudza Aleksandre Nikolaeviche zinalembedwa pambuyo pa imfa yake, ndipo kenako mu mabuku pafupifupi mbisoweka dzina lake. kawirikawiri amatchulidwa. Only chosakwanira ndi otalikirana deta tamutchula pa Radishchev. Aleksandra Radischeva Batyushkov anayambitsa mu pulogalamu ntchito zaluso chinenero lopangidwa iwo. Only ndi theka 2 wa 1850 linasiya kuletsa ndi dzina la Radishchev. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, atolankhani anayamba kuoneka zambiri nkhani za izo.

Ndipo lero amakopeka ofufuza mbiri Radishchev. Mwachidule zili "Kuyenda ..." wake amadziwika kuti ambiri a m'dziko mwathu muno. Zonsezi amalankhula kufa kwa iye ngati wolemba.