Ndi ndondomeko zolembalemba Kodi

Mawu akuti "ndondomeko zolembalemba" Mwina atchule sadziwa tanthauzo la munthu stupor a. Chifukwa si bwino zimene zimachitika, chomwe Mulungu kumatanthauza chiyani ndipo pali mtundu wanji wa malamulo. M'nkhaniyi, ife tidzaona bwinobwino mwatsatanetsatane lingaliro ili. chidwi zapatsidwa kwa ndondomeko zolembalemba wa zaka 19 ndi 20.

ndondomeko mabuku ndi chiyani?

Mfundo imeneyi amatanthauza:

• moyo kulenga kuchotsedwa mfundo ndi zochitika za dziko makamaka mu nyengo makamaka;
• chitukuko zolembalemba m'njira padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo amisinkhu yonse, azikhalidwe ndiponso mayiko.

Pamene ntchito mawu akuti m'lingaliro chachiwiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "mbiri-mabuku ndondomeko".

Ambiri, mfundo anafotokoza kusintha mbiri ya dziko ndi mabuku a mayiko, amene akufotokozera, zivute zitani kucheza ndi mzake.

Mu Pophunzira ndondomeko izi ofufuza kuthetsa mavuto ambiri, pakati limene munthu ndicho kusintha mitundu ndakatulo, malingaliro, magulu ndi zinthu za ena.

olemba zochita

The ndondomeko mabuku ndi olemba m'gulu amene njira zawo watsopano luso ndi zatsopano ndi chinenero ndi maonekedwe a njira kusintha kwa malongosoledwe a dziko ndi munthu. Komabe, anapeza olemba kupanga si kuchokera zikande, chifukwa iwo kudalira zinachitikira akapolo anzawo akale, amene ankakhala m'dziko lake ndi kunja. Imene ili, wolemba amagwiritsa pafupifupi onse zinachitikira luso la anthu. Kuchokera pamenepa tinganene kuti pali kulimbana maganizo akale ndi atsopano, zojambulajambula, ndiponso lililonse latsopano zolembalemba kayendedwe waika mfundo zake kulenga, lomwe lagona pa mwambo, koma vuto lawo.

Evolution cha mayendedwe ndi Mitundu

Zolembalemba ndondomeko Choncho kumafuna zamoyo wa Mitundu. Choncho, m'zaka za m'ma 17 olemba French analengeza mmalo mwa Baroque kulandira willfulness olemba ndakatulo ndi playwrights, mfundo tingachipeze powerenga, chimene chimafuna mogwirizana ndi malamulo kuyeza. Komabe, kale m'zaka 19 panali chikondi, anakana malamulo onse ndipo analengeza ufulu chithunzicho. Kuzindikira anatuluka ndiye anathamangitsa zotengera malingaliridwe romanticism ndi kuika patsogolo zofuna zawo ku ntchito. Ndi kusintha kwa malo awa - monga gawo la ndondomeko mabuku, komanso zifukwa inachitikira, ndipo olemba ntchito mwa iwo.

Musaiwale za Mitundu ya. Choncho, buku, yaikulu ndi otchuka kwambiri polemba chinenero, waona kusintha zingapo za mafunde luso akavalidwe. Ndipo anali kusinthidwa mu m'badwo uliwonse. Mwachitsanzo, anapereka chitsanzo chabwino cha buku la Kubadwa Kwatsopano - "Don Quixote" - osiyana kwambiri ndi "Robinson Crusoe", olembedwa pa Choonadi, ndi onse yosiyana ndi ntchito za O. de A Balzac, Victor Hugo, Charles Dickens.

Russian mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 19

Zolembalemba ndondomeko 19. Ndi chithunzi m'malo ovuta. Panthawi imeneyi, zamoyo wa Kuzindikira yovuta. Ndipo oimira kukuchititsa zimenezi ndi N. V. Gogol, A. S. Pushkin, I. S. Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, F. M. Dostoevsky ndi A. P. Chehov. Monga mukuonera, ntchito ya olemba ndi yosiyana kwambiri Komabe, iwo onse a otaya chomwecho. Mu phunziro limeneli mabuku pankhaniyi, alankhula osati za luso payekha olemba, komanso kusintha Kuzindikira ndi njira yakumvetsetsa bwino dziko ndi munthu.

Kumayambiriro 19 m'ma romanticism m'malo mwa "sukulu chachibadwidwe", umene uli kale mu m'zaka za m'ma anayamba amaona chinachake chimene kumathandiza chitukuko zina mabuku. F. Dostoevsky ndi Tolstoy ayamba angagwirizanitse kwambiri kufunika psychologism ntchito zake. Ilo linali gawo latsopano mu chitukuko cha Kuzindikira mu Russian, ndi "yachilengedwe sukulu" chakale. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti njira wakale otaya kusiya ntchito. M'malo mwake, watsopano zolembalemba kayendedwe yophatikiza wakale, pang'ono tidamsiya maonekedwe, anafa kusinthidwa. Koma musaiwale za chikoka cha mabuku zakunja Russian, komanso, poyamba, mabuku Russian kutsidya kwa nyanja.

mabuku Western kwa zaka za m'ma 19

Zolembalemba ndondomeko ya atumwi 19 mu Europe zikuphatikizapo madera ziwiri zazikulu - romanticism ndi Kuzindikira. Onse a iwo akhala kusonyeza zochitika m'mbiri ya nthawi imeneyi. Kumbukirani kuti pa nthawi iyi pali mafakitale, kutsegula mafakitale, kumanga njanji ndi zina zotero. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali French kuukira boma, zimene zinachititsa kuti chiwembu ndipo mu Europe. zikuchitikazi, kumene, m'mawu mabuku, ndi kwathunthu ulamuliro mosiyana: Romanticism amafuna kuzemba ndi kulenga dziko langwiro; Kuzindikira - kuti tione zimene zikuchitika ndi kuyesa kusintha zenizeni.

Romanticism kuti anatuluka mu m'ma 18 mochedwa, pang'onopang'ono kukhala lotha ndi pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19. Koma Kuzindikira, kumene kumachitika kokha m'zaka za m'ma 19 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma ali ikupita patsogolo. Zosatheka malangizo akutuluka Kuzindikira ndi watero lokha za 30-40 zaka.

Kuzindikira kutchuka chifukwa lathu chikhalidwe, omwe adamfunsa ndi anthu pa nthawi.

Literature za m'ma 20 Russia

Zolembalemba ndondomeko 20. Ndi zovuta kwambiri, kwambiri ndi osokoneza, makamaka kwa Russia. Ichi ndi chifukwa yaikulu kwa emigre mabuku. Writers amene anathamangitsidwa kwawo pambuyo 1917, anapitiriza kulemba kunja, kupitiriza miyambo mabuku akale. Koma zimene zikuchitika Russia? Kuno motley zosiyanasiyana mumaganiza mtima, wotchedwa Silver Age, mokakamiza wabwerera ku otchedwa zokomera Kuzindikira. Ndipo onse akufuna kuchoka olemba iye mwankhanza anazunzidwa. Komabe, ntchito analenga koma osati lofalitsidwa. Mwa olembawo - Akhmatova, Zoshchenko, pake olemba muzikangana -. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Benedict Erofeev, etc. Aliyense wa olemba izi akupitiriza mwambo mabuku m'zaka za m'ma 20, isanafike wa Kuzindikira zokomera. Chinthu chidwi kwambiri pa nkhani imeneyi ndi ntchito ya "Moscow - Petushki" lolembedwa ndi V. Yerofeyev mu 1970 ndipo inafalitsidwa mu West. Izi ndakatulo - chitsanzo oyambirira a mabuku postmodern.

Mpaka mapeto a Soviet Union pafupifupi palibe mankhwala mabuku, sizikugwirizana ndi Kuzindikira chikhalidwe. Komabe, pambuyo kugwa kwa mphamvu imayambira kwenikweni m'bandakucha buku yosindikiza. Lofalitsidwa ndi zonse zimene zalembedwa m'zaka za m'ma 20, koma izo zinali zoletsedwa. Pali olemba watsopano amene kupitiriza mwambo wa mabuku a Silver Age, ndi yoletsedwa ndi achilendo.

mabuku Western kwa zaka za m'ma 20

Western mabuku ndondomeko za m'ma 20 amakhala ndi kulumikiza pafupi ndi zochitika m'mbiri, makamaka yoyamba ndi yachiwiri zapadziko lonse. zochitika izi anadabwa kwambiri Europe.

Mu mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 20 pali malo awiri aakulu - chimakono ndi postmodernism (zaka 70 kumeneko). Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo ngati panopa existentialism, expressionism, surrealism. Pamene chimakono ichi kwambiri bwino ndipo intensively anayamba mu zoyambirira za m'ma 20, ndiye pang'onopang'ono kupereka nthaka postmodernism.

Pomaliza

Choncho, mabuku ndondomeko - osakaniza zinthu, mayendedwe, ndi ntchito ndi olemba a zochitika m'mbiri pa chitukuko. Wogoneka ndi za mabuku limachititsa kumvetsa wotani malamulo lilili ndi zimene umakhudza kusanduka ake. Chiyambi cha ndondomeko mabuku angatchedwe choyamba cholengedwa chopangidwa ndi anthu, ndipo mapeto a lidzatero kokha pamene Timafa.