Ndi okokomeza ndi litotes zimene: Zitsanzo mabuku

Chirasha lero pakati pa khumi wokongola kwambiri ndipo akatswiri a zinenero Akuti kumeneko pafupi hafu miliyoni mawu, osati kuphatikizapo Luso m'zilembo. The kwambiri olemba Russian achititsa kuti chitukuko cha Chirasha zolembalemba, chinenero kotero anali kudzadza njira luso limaonetseratu, amene ntchito mu kulemba ndi kulankhula lero.

Chitukuko cha Chirasha zolembalemba ndi njinga yoyamba

Zolembalemba Chirasha anayamba kupanga m'zaka XI, pamene kuli dziko la Kievan Lazaro. Ndiye umboni woyamba ndi katswiri wa mabuku Old Russian zinalengedwa. zikwi zapitazo, olemba ntchito luso ndi limaonetseratu njira ya chinenero (njinga): yosonyeza, epithet, mafanizo, okokomeza ndi litotes. Zitsanzo za mawu awa ali nazo ndipo adakali m'mabuku ndi chinenero tsiku ndi tsiku.

Malingaliro a "okokomeza" ndi "litotes"

Kumva nthawi yoyamba mawu akuti "okokomeza" akatswiri ikukhudzana mbiri ya ena a m'dziko lake ndi lodziwika bwino Hyperborea, ndi masamu kumbukirani mzere ongokhala nthambi ziwiri, wotchedwa - okokomeza. Koma mawuwa amanena kuti mabuku? Hyperbola - ndi stylistic chithunzi, amene ntchito kumapangitsanso expressiveness wa watero ndi kusinjirira dala. N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti liwu kuli loyang'ana, chifukwa ngati chinenero ali njira kusinjirira, ayenera kukhala stylistic chithunzi kuti amagwirabe ayi. Anthu luso limaonetseratu njira ndi litotes. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi zikusonyeza bwinobwino zimenezi litotes ndi kangati kuti ntchito mawu.

Zaka mbiri ya okokomeza

Okokomeza sizachilendo m'mabuku akale, mwachitsanzo mu "Lay": "Tom mu Polotske pozvonisha matins, oyambirira pa Sofei woyera belu, ndipo Kyeve kulira akumva." Kusanthula pempholo, inu mukhoza kumvetsa tanthauzo: phokoso la belu, prozvenevshego mu Polotsk, anabwera Kiev! Inde, mfundo imeneyi sangakhale, mwinamwake ndi anthu a m'midzi yozungulira ataya m'makutu mwawo. Mawu akuti analengedwa Latin: okokomeza amatanthauza "kusinjirira." Okokomeza ntchito pafupifupi olemba ndakatulo ndi, koma makamaka ntchito kawirikawiri ntchito ake adayima panja Nikolay Gogol, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin. Choncho, mu sewero Gogol a "The Inspector boma" pa tebulo anali "vembe rubles zana," - kukokomeza wina, chifukwa si okwera mtengo vembe, ngati izo ziri, kumene golide. Mayakovsky mu "zapadera ulendo" likamalowa anatentha "mu dzuwa wani handiredi ndi forte" kuti ndi amazipanga yowala.

Litotes mabuku

Tikupeza okokomeza kumvetsa zimene litotes, sikovuta. Ndi mawu ndi zambiri analankhula Gogol. Mu nkhani "Nevsky Chiyembekezo," anafotokoza pakamwa pa munthu wina wamng'ono kuti iye sakanakhoza kuphonya ndalama zoposa ziwiri. Nikolai Nekrasov mu ndakatulo wotchuka "m'mphawi Ana" khalidwe - mwamuna wamng'ono ndi claw, koma sakunena za msinkhu wake masentimita: wolemba litotes ndikanafuna kutsindika kuti wakale otsika munthu wonyamula mtolo waukulu wa nkhuni. Anapereka litotes angapezeke ndi alembi ena. Mwa njira, panali mawu kuchokera litotes Greek mawu, kutanthauza "kuphweka, chipsinjo."

Litotes ndi okokomeza kulankhula tsiku ndi tsiku

Man, mosadziwa, iye anagwiritsa ntchito mawu okokomeza ndi litotes tsiku ndi tsiku zambiri. Ngati iwe ukhoza ndikuganiza tanthauzo la okokomeza chifukwa cha kudziwika cognate mneni onse "kukokomeza" zimene litotes - kwa anthu ambiri akhala chinsinsi. Mavuto Munthu wachuma adzanena, "ndili ndi ndalama - zokwanira kulumbira," ndi kuwona kakang'ono Msungwana wamng'ono akuyenda pansi mu msewu, inu mukhoza kuzindikira chimene icho chiri, "Thumbelina", ndipo ngati ndi mwana wamng'ono - "mnyamata-ndi-zala". Izi ndi zitsanzo zambiri za litotes. Okokomeza, aliyense wa ife amadya nthawi zambiri Mwachitsanzo, anakumana ndi mwayi ndi mnzake, chifaniziro choyamba ndi "zaka zana sanaone," ndi amake, kutopa kuchita chimodzimodzi ndemanga fidget-mwana akuti, "Ine ndakuuzani inu nthawi chikwi!" . Nde tikhoza kamodzinso poganiza kuti si aliyense amadziwa kuti okokomeza ngati ndi litotes, koma amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, ngakhale mwana wa atatu.

Tanthauzo chikhalidwe tropes

Udindo wa chinenero cha Chirasha ndi lalikulu kanjedza stylistic: iwo angagwirizanitse maganizo, patsogolo zithunzi ndi kupanga izo limaonetseratu kwambiri. Popanda, ntchito ya Pushkin ndi Lermontov kuti ataya luster ake, ndipo tsopano inu adzatha molimba kwambiri ntchito mosinthanasinthana wokongola wa mawu, monga mukudziwa, mwachitsanzo, zimenezi litotes.

Mu mabuku, n'zosatheka kuchita popanda njira awa amene amapanga Chirasha ndi imodzi mwa kwambiri limaonetseratu, zovuta ndi olemera. Choncho kusamalira chinenero Russian - chuma ichi, chuma ichi anapatsa ife Turgenev ndi ena a m'dziko mwathu muno kwambiri.