Ndi sodium phenate: Kukonzekera, mankhwala katundu

Phenols - mankhwala onunkhira ndi magulu chimodzi kapena zingapo hydroxyl zogwirizana maatomu mpweya benzenovogo phata. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu HA amadziŵika one-, lupanga ndi trihydric phenols.

Monohydric phenols - zotumphukira wa benzene ndi homologues ake mu phata la atomu amene haidrojeni m'malo mwa gulu hydroxyl.

Isomerism ndi nomenclature. Mu nthumwi zosavuta phenols - karboliki asidi (phenol) isomers ayi, homologs ake kulibe isomers Pamalo a gulu hydroxyl mu benzonovom pachimake (ortho, pambuyo, Para udindo).

Kuti phenols dzina ntchito atatu nomenclature - mbiri, zomveka ndi IUPAC. Pakuti phenols mbiri nomenclature amatchedwa trivially - phenol (karboliki asidi), cresols, etc.

Natural gwero kwa zinthuzi ndi khala phula, ngale mafuta phula mumamera etc. Malasha phula amapangidwa pa khala youma distillation. Magwero kwa kubala phenols ali ndi zaka (otentha pa 170-230 ° C) ndi katundu (otentha pa 230-270 ° C) mafuta. Pa processing wa hydroxide ndi sodium linakonzedwa ndi sodium phenolate. Chilinganizo cha nkhaniyi imakhala otsala a phenol ndi sodium wochuluka.

M'mikhalidwe choyezera, sulphosalts zambiri onunkhira (soda ndi potaziyamu salt zidulo sulfonic) ntchito kupeza phenols. Pa zochita mankhwala, ndi sodium wochuluka kapena potaziyamu phenolate. Pambuyo pake, mankhwala awa asonyezedwa zidulo mchere kupereka phenols ufulu.

katundu mankhwala ndi chifukwa kukhalapo kwa phenol HA gulu benzelnom phata. zinthu zimenezi akhoza kulowa zosiyanasiyana zomwe ndi khalidwe la alcohols (mapangidwe esters, phenolates, halogenated) ndi arenes (m'malo maatomu wa hydrogen pa pachimake benzenovom halogens, nitro gulu, sulfo gulu). Choncho, otsatira awa anatani mosavuta ndi zitsulo kupanga phenolate ndi sodium. Ndi m'zochitika awa akuwonetseredwa dongosolo makamaka zamagetsi la tinthu wa alcohols ndi phenols.

ndi sodium phenoxide (kapena phenoxide) aumbike mwa kuchita phenols ndi alkalis. The katundu acidic wa phenols zochepa kulitchula. zinthu zimenezi si wodetsedwa ndi pepala litmus. ndi sodium phenolate mosiyana alkoxides chingakhale njira amadzimadzi zamchere, pamene zilibe kuwola ndinso. Phenates ndi mosavuta linakwiriridwa mmene anachitira ndi zidulo (ngakhale anafooka, mwachitsanzo, malasha).

Koma zimatha acidic wa phenols ndi kutchulidwa kuposa alcohols aliphatic. Chiyambi mu molekyulu wa phenol zinthu zosiyanasiyana za pochoka substituents (nitro, halogen, gulu sulfo, gulu aldehyde ndi zina zotero) kumawonjezera gidroksogrupp wa hydrogen kayendedwe, kotero katundu acidic ndi kuzikonzanso.

Pamaso pa phenols zabwino zotsatira mesomeric imawachititsa katundu nucleophilic, amene sakhala kutchulidwa poyerekeza ndi alcohols. Mundawu ntchito kubala esters, koma osati kutenga nawo mbali zosiyanasiyana okha phenols ndi phenolates ndi chimasanduka halogenated.

Ester mapangidwe kumachitika mwa kuchita phenols ndi chlorides kapena anhydrides zidulo carboxylic. Monga mapangidwe esters, zimene n'kosavuta chitani ndi potaziyamu kapena ndi sodium phenates.

Pamene ntchito ya halogens anapanga phenols opangidwa kuchokera halogen. The bromination wa phenols ntchito mu kusanthula mankhwala: 2,46-tribromophenol ndi bwino sungunuka m'madzi ndi precipitates kunja, amene amalola anati anachita kudziwa phenols mu njira.

The nitration wa phenol. zoti phenol 20% nitric asidi , osakaniza o-ndi tsa-nitrophenols omwe analekana ndi distillation ndi nthunzi (o-nitrophenol anali otchezedwa kutali, ndi tsa-nitrophenol amakhalabe mu njira).