Zosowa zakale golide ndalama - Numismatic phindu

Modern ndalama okhometsa ali okonzeka kulipira zikwi kapena mamilioni a madola mu zina la golide ndalama ndalama. phindu anatsimikiza ndi m'chipani, kutchuka, kufunika mbiri, maonekedwe. Mtengo wokwera pakati pa okhometsa ya dziko ali ndi zaka golide ndalama mu guises zosiyanasiyana.

mbiri

Kale, ntchito ya ndalama anagwira ng'ombe, zikopa, nyama ndi zina, zinthu zinthu m'nyumba. A pang'ono mu ntchito imeneyi ntchito chitsulo, mkuwa, mkuwa, siliva, ndi golidi ndiye. The ingots anali zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zitsanzo, malipiro analenga mabvuto.

The VII-VI m'ma BC. e. makobidi poyamba. Zimenezi zimatithandiza kwambiri ndondomeko zogulitsa. Tsintho unapitirira ndalama nthawi alternated coinless ndi chitsulo m'mayiko ena kwa nthawi yaitali ofunika zodula siliva ndi golide. Koma pa nthawi, ndalama za golidi apeza phindu kwambiri.

Woyamba makobidi wapatali zinapangidwa ku zitsulo koyera. Koma chifukwa cha softness ake ndi plasticity yakale golide ndalama mofulumira kutaya mawonekedwe ake ndi kulemera. Pamene kusungunuka kwa ingots siliva kapena mkuwa anayamba kuwonjezera kusintha katundu wawo makina.

Woyamba ndalama golide ntchito ku Iguputo, China wakale, Lydia ufumu wa Ancient Greece Ufumu wa Roma. Ku Ulaya, adafika ntchito kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIII. Zikamera wa golide mu World Old wakhala kugwirizana ndi kukula ubale malonda ndi Middle East, makamaka ndi Ottoman.

Woyamba zosowa zakale golide ndalama anali zinapangidwa ku Florence ndipo dzina lake anali "florin". Pambuyo mafashoni golide ndalama kufalikira ku mizinda ina komanso m'mayiko. Iwo ali ndi maina osiyana mu States osiyana, ndipo ngakhale mkati kapangidwe chomwecho ndipo m'malo mwa maina awo. Kuyambira tsopano, osati kokha anasintha zomwenso ake - ndalama zofunikira kwambiri dziko.

Transformation a English golide

British "makobidi golide" Kubadwa wagwa kwa 1257. Komabe, ndalama sadzakhala nthawi zonse ndipo mofulumira kwambiri mbisoweka. Mbiri anasunga makope asanu.

Zonse minting akale English golide ndalama zopezeka mu njira ya kwa zaka mazana nkhondo ndi mayiko a French. Izi zidasintha chikuoneka, mtengo ndi phindu mu dongosolo la ndalama. Ena mwa ndalama kulibe angapo limodzi ndipo ali ndi wamtengo wapatali mbiri yakale komanso numismatists.

Mibadwo ya kusintha zithunzi ndi mayina a ndalama golide English

Images ndalama golide anasintha pang'onopang'ono:

• XIV atumwi Florin (6s ofanana) Patapita - Noble (80 makobiri). Iwo mofulumira anatuluka nayenso. chosowa kwambiri ndi yokwera mtengo. Florin alipo okha triplicate. Popular "Ichi ndi George" ndi polnoblya.
• m'ma XV: Rayol (10s) ndi Mngelo (6s 8d). Kawirikawiri ndi zofunika. The Rayol wotchuka kwambiri ndi duwa.
• 1489: Wamkulu Koposa (makobiri 20).
• XVI atumwi Kroon (5s) ndi mapaundi (20s). "Amatupitsa Rose" - wofunika kwambiri ambiri a iwo.
• XVII atumwi wolamulira, iye Chingagwirizanitse (polemekeza mgwirizano wa England ndi ku Scotland); ndi pansi Charles II - mbira.
• 1816: The adzabwerenso mwayekha lapansi. Kuthamangitsa makope collectible.
• XX atumwi mfumu anatuluka ndalama zolowa ndi collectible ndalama UK.

French golide: zovuta za mbiri

Mpaka 1360 mu France ntchito livres, khobiri, Lamulungu (siliva kapena mkuwa). Yambani minting ndalama ndalama golide amagwa pansi monga nthawi ya zaka mazana nkhondo. Wa mpesa woyamba "Frank" dzina lake ndi French golide ndalama, koma chifukwa cha mbali kapangidwe (zinasonyeza mfumu pa kavalo) mwa anthu wakhala dzina "kavalo Franc." Kenako panali komanso "phazi Franc".

dongosolo la ndalama panthawiyo maphunziro zotsatirazi: 1 = 1 Franc = 20 livery wa Tours salt. Otchedwa ndalama nthawi limapezeka mwachidule, ndiye mbisoweka kachiwiri. The French kuukira boma kumbuyo ndalama, ndipo iye lisindikizidwe mpaka tsiku lino.

Kwa France, mu njira mofanana England, izo yodziwika ndi kutuluka kwa ndalama yomweyo golidi ndi siliva Baibulo. kusintha mbiri ya maonekedwe ndi mayina a ndalama sanali wotanganidwa kwambiri, koma kusintha kwa nyengo anasonyeza mwachindunji pa ndalama.

Dongosolo la mbiri ya French golide ndalama

Mbiri ya golide ndalama French Chioneke motero:

• XIV-XV atumwi Franc. A kawirikawiri ndi mtengo.
• Mapeto XIV-XV atumwi akorona agolide (livery ndi 3). The pempho anakhalabe "kusintha" Afulanki.
• XVII-XVIII atumwi Louis. ECU opangidwa mu ofanana siliva. Kufunika kwa ndalama lothandiza Education: Louis 1 ECU = 4 = 24 = 240 livres salt.
• The cha m'ma XVIII, ndi French kuukira boma: kubwerera kwa Franc mwa chimango cha dongosolo ndalama decimal. Zadzidzidzi Napoleons (20 franc), awiri napoleons (40 franc) ndi polunapoleondora (franc 10). Franc Napoleon Bonaparte amatchedwanso "tambala" kapena "Marianne" (pa obverse mutu wa Marianne, ndipo n'zosiyana - tambala) - uyu ndi lofunika kwambiri chopereka ndalama modernity. Izo zinapangidwa mpaka 1914. Tsopano likupezeka anasonyeza yuro.
• The cha m'ma XIX: Franc. Iye makamaka gawo la m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ku Ulaya (Latin Monetary Union).
• Zoyambirira za m'ma XX: kukana wa golide ndalama muyezo. Komabe, ndalama, amatchedwa "Frank" inatenga mpaka 2002 ndi kumayambiriro kwa yuro. franc Tsopano golide zizipezeka nkhani wamba.

Spanish golide: kusintha "zolotolikih" maonekedwe

Old Spanish golide ndalama anabadwa yekha m'zaka XVI, wotchedwa "escudos golide." Kukhalako kwa golide ndalama ndalama Spain amakhala ndi mtendere apamwamba poyerekeza ndi France makamaka England.

Kuthamangitsa escudos unakhazikitsidwa mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Philip II. Ndalama alionse m'dzikoli pali mafumu mu dongosolo la ndalama inali motere: 1 = 400 PTE maravedi kenako PTE = 1 Kr = 16 544 maravedi.

Patrimony:

• XVI atumwi ndi escudo ndi eskudilo limene limasonyeza kuti escudos theka.
• XVIII atumwi doubloons golide (2 escudos).
• Chiyambi cha m'ma XIX: 1 escudo lofanana reais 40. Kenako escudos siliva mongoyembekezera ndi ndalama yaikulu. Pali mkuwa latsopano, mkuwa ndi ndalama zasiliva centimos ndi pessety.
• Mapeto a XIX - oyambirira XX atumwi a zolowa za golide ndi siliva mu zipembedzo 20, 25 ndi 100 pesset.

Pakali pano, monga kutolera ndalama zagolidi Spain akupezeka ziwembu mayuro zosiyanasiyana.

Theka la boma - ndalama wapatali

Numismatists kugula ndi kusonkhanitsa nambala yaikulu kwambiri kapena zochepa wapatali ndalama ndalama. Akuluakulu cholinga wokhulupirika ndi mokhudza ndi zosowa zakale golide ndalama. Mtengo iwo akhoza zimasiyana ndi makumi angapo a ndalama ku masauzande.

The ndalama pafupifupi chofunika kwambiri golide ndalama ndalama kwake tebulo.

Pakuti ndalama osadziwa - basi akutuluka zinasintha zogulitsa njira, m'nyumbayi zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho, kumatikumbutsabe wa mbiri. Woona yekha mokhudza wokhometsa angakuuzeni kuti iwo akukhala moyo wa dziko, mbiri ya dziko Makamaka, anthu a lothandiza makamaka. Kodi tikiti ndi kungoganiza nthawi makina, kumene inu mukhoza kuwona mfumu ndi mfumukazi ya Medieval French, achifwamba Spanish, khoti English ndi atumiki osauka. Kuti iwo ndi chuma osati chuma chokha, koma m'mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi wauzimu. Ancient golide ndalama - apamwamba Numismatic mtengo pakati okhometsa.