Ndi ukulu wa mamolekyulu chiyani? ndi kukula kwa molekyulu chiyani?

Pamene maatomu awiri kapena kuposa kulowa nsinga mankhwala ndi wina ndi mnzake, molekyulu. Zilibe kanthu kaya ndi maatomu kapena iwo onse amasiyana mzake onse mu mawonekedwe ndi kukula. Tonse mukumvetsa, chimene kukula kwa mamolekyulu ndi zimene zimatengera.

Kodi molekyulu?

Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, asayansi zosiyanasiyana za chinsinsi cha moyo, zimene zikuchitika chiyambi chake. Malinga ndi zikhalidwe amakezana, moyo ndi chirichonse, chirichonse mu dziko ili lapangidwa zofunika za chikhalidwe - lapansi, mpweya, mphepo, madzi ndi moto. Koma pa nthawi, anthu ambiri anzeru ayamba atalemba kuti zinthu zonse wapangidwa kakang'ono, zinthu indivisible kuti sangathe analenga kapena kuwonongedwa.

Komabe, pokhapokha Kubwera kwa chiphunzitso atomiki zimapangidwira ano, asayansi anayamba zopanda kuti particles watenga pamodzi ndachititsa nyumba midadada yaikulu ya zinthu zonse. Choncho panali mawu amenewo nkhani ya chiphunzitso ano Nyerere amatanthauza unit zing'onozing'ono misa.

Malinga ndi tanthauzo chakale, molekyulu - ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono zinthu zimene zimathandiza kusunga mankhwala ake ndi thupi katundu. Iwo wapangidwa ndi maatomu awiri kapena kuposa magulu a maatomu zofanana kapena zosiyana kugwirana pamodzi ndi asilikali mankhwala.

ndi ukulu wa mamolekyulu chiyani? Mu 5 kalasi sayansi achilengedwe (phunziro) chimangooneka chithunzithunzi cha kukula ndi mosiyanasiyana, zambiri pa nkhani imeneyi anaphunzira ku sukulu ya sekondale mu makalasi zimapangidwira.

Zitsanzo za mamolekyulu

Mamolekyulu akhoza kukhala wophweka kapena zovuta. Nazi zitsanzo zina:

• H ₂ O (madzi);
• N ₂ (asafe);
• O ₃ (Mpweya umene);
• CaO (kashiamu okusayidi);
• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (shuga).

Mamolekyulu wopangidwa mwa zinthu ziwiri kapena zambiri amati mankhwala. Choncho, madzi, calcium okusayidi ndi shuga ndi yofunika. Osati mankhwala onse mamolekyulu, koma mamolekyulu ndi mankhwala. Kodi chachikulu ayenera? ndi ukulu wa molekyulu chiyani? Pozindikira chakuti pafupifupi chilichonse otizungulira unapangidwa maatomu (kupatula kuwala ndi phokoso). okwana kulemera ndi kulemera maselo adzakhala.

misa maselo

Kuyankhula za zimene mtengo wa mamolekyulu ndi ambiri asayansi amaipidwa ndi kulemera maselo. Ichi ndi kulemera okwana onse maatomu ake constituent:

• Madzi wapangidwa ndi ma atomu aŵiri a hydrogen (kukhala mmodzi atomiki misa wagawo) ndi atomu imodzi ya mpweya (16 amu), ali ndi kulemera maselo 18 (more ndendende, 18.01528).
• Shuga ali ndi kulemera maselo a 180.
• DNA kuti ndi motalika kwambiri, mwina ali ndi kulemera maselo kuti ndi za 1010 (pafupifupi kulemera kwa khromozomu la munthu).

Muyeso mu nanometers

Kuwonjezera kulemera, ife angathe kudziwa chiyani ukulu wa mamolekyulu mu nanometers. madzi unit za 0,27 NM awiri. DNA ukufika 2 NM awiri ndi imafika mpaka mamita angapo m'litali. N'zovuta kulingalira momwe zamitundu izi kulumikiza mu selo limodzi. The chiŵerengero cha m'litali ndi makulidwe a DNA modabwitsa. Ndi 1/100 000 000, ili ndi tsitsi la munthu kwa kutalika bwalo la mpira.

Akalumikidzidwa ndi makulidwe

ndi ukulu wa mamolekyulu chiyani? Iwo anabwera akalumikidzidwa osiyana ndi makulidwe. Madzi ndi mpweya woipa pa nthawi yomweyo ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zazing'ono, mapuloteni - mmodzi wa lalikulu. Mamolekyulu - zinthu zimene zimakhala ndi ma atomu, amene muli nacho chokhudzana ndi mzake. Kumvetsa maonekedwe a mamolekyulu ndi kale gawo zimapangidwira. Pambali zovuta kuzimvetsa zachilendo mankhwala khalidwe la makhalidwe ofunika ndi kukula kwa maselo.

Kumene kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri kuti adziwe zimene mtengo wa mamolekyulu chiyani? Yankho kwa ici ndi mafunso ena ambiri amathandiza m'munda wa nanotechnology komanso mfundo nano-makina ndi zipangizo wanzeru ankafunika kuthana ndi zotsatira zazikulu maselo ndi mosiyanasiyana.

ndi ukulu wa mamolekyulu chiyani?

5 zachilengedwe sayansi kalasi pa mutu amapereka zambiri yekha, mamolekyulu onse lapangidwa ndi maatomu omwe zonse mwachisawawa apaulendo. Kusekondale, mukhoza kale kuona mitunduyi kandalama mabuku zimapangidwira, amene amafanana ndi mawonekedwe enieni a mamolekyulu lapansi. Komabe, n'zosatheka kuyeza kutalika ndi wolamulira wamba, koma kuchita zimenezi, muyenera kudziwa kuti mamolekyulu ndi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena zinthu. chithunzi awo pa pepala ndi ziyerekezo ndege ziwiri ooneka enieni. kutalika molekyulu ndi anasintha kudzera kulumikizana zotalika m'makona ake. Pali akuluakulu atatu:

• Tetrahedron ngodya 109 °, pamene maulalo onse atomu ili ndi maatomu ena onse amene sali (mukapeza chimodzi chokha).
• Mbali ya hexagon 120 °, pamene atomu imodzi ali ndi chomangira zowirikiza kawiri atomu wina.
• Njingayo mzere 180 °, pamene atomu ali kapena awiri maunyolo awiri kapena patatu ndi atomu wina.

ngodya Real zambiri zimasiyana kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino izi, kuyambira m'pofunika kuganizira zingapo zotsatira zosiyana, kuphatikizapo ankachita electrostatic.

Kodi kulingalira kukula kwa mamolekyulu: Zitsanzo

ndi ukulu wa mamolekyulu chiyani? Kalasi 5 mayankho a funso limeneli, monga tanena kale, ali ambiri m'chilengedwe. Ophunzira mukudziwa kuti kukula kwa mankhwala awa ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati molekyulu kutembenukira mchenga mu njere imodzi ya mchenga mu mbewu lonse la mchenga, ndiye pansi pa misa chifukwa akhoza zobisika nyumba apansi asanu. ndi ukulu wa mamolekyulu chiyani? The yochepa yankho, amenenso ndi sayansi zambiri, chiri motere.

Kulemera maselo ndi wofanana ndi wachibale misa ndi kuchuluka okwana thunthu mu mankhwala kapena mamolekyulu wachibale misa molar wa Avogadro zonse. The unit kg. The maselo kulemera pafupifupi 10 ^-23 -10 ^-26 kg. Mwachitsanzo, madzi. Imatha kulemera maselo ndi 3 × 10 ^-26 kg.

Pamene kukula kwa molekyulu amakhudza mphamvu za anyamata?

Amachititsa chidwi pakati mamolekyulu ndi mphamvu atomu, umene ukuonekera kupyolera mwa kukopa ndi repulsion milandu izi zosiyana. Mphamvu electrostatic umene ulipo pakati pa milandu zosiyana, umalamulira ankachita pakati pa maatomu ndi pakati mamolekyulu. Mphamvu yokoka ndi wochepa mu nkhani iyi kuti akhoza kuwasamalira.

Kukula kwa molekyulu amakhudza mphamvu yokoka mwa elekitironi mtambo wa chinyengo mwachisawawa mu kufalitsa ma elekitironi mu molekyulu ndi. Pankhani ya nonpolar particles chionetsero yekha ofooka Van der Waals mogwirizana kapena kupezeka mphamvu, kukula maselo kumakhudza mwachindunji pa ukulu wa elekitironi mtambo ozungulira anati molekyulu. Ikuluikulu ndi, zazikulu mlandu kumunda kuti isawonongeke.

A zikuluzikulu elekitironi mtambo zikutanthauza kuti pakati mamolekyulu loyandikana akhoza kukhala pakompyuta ankachita. Chifukwa, gawo limodzi la molekyulu akufotokozera ndi tsankho zosakhalitsa mlandu zabwino, ndi zina - negative. Zikatero, molekyulu akhoza magetsi elekitironi mtambo oyandikana. The kukopa ndi chifukwa tsankho mbali zabwino molekyulu ndi chidwi ndi mbali ya gawo lina.

Pomaliza

Choncho, kodi ukulu wa mamolekyulu chiyani? Mbiri zachilengedwe, monga mmene tidaonera, mungapeze chifaniziro wophiphiritsa wa kulemera ndi kukula kwa particles timeneti. Koma ife tikudziwa kuti pali mankhwala yosavuta zovuta. Ndipo kwa wachiwiri akhoza zimachitika chinthu monga macromolecule a. Izi unit lalikulu kwambiri, monga mapuloteni kuti bwinobwino amapangidwa ndi polymerization wa subunits wocheperako (monomers). Iwo nthawi zambiri amakhala zikwi maatomu kapena zambiri.

Ambiri mwa macromolecules sayansi ndi biopolymers (zidulo mkati, mapuloteni, chakudya, ndi polyphenols) ndi lalikulu sanali polymeric mamolekyulu (monga lipids). Kupanga macromolecules monga mapulasitiki ochiritsira ndi ulusi kupanga, komanso zipangizo experimental monga nanotubes mpweya.