Mpweya nanotubes: kupanga ntchito, katundu

Mphamvu ndi makampani yofunika, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wa munthu. The mphamvu boma la dziko zimadalira ntchito asayansi ambiri makampani. Lero, iwo akufunafuna magwero mphamvu zina. Pakuti zolinga zimenezi, akufuna ntchito chilichonse, dzuwa ndi madzi, liza ndi mphamvu mpweya. The zipangizo kupanga mphamvu kwa chilengedwe, ndi kwambiri kwambiri.

mwachidule

Mpweya nanotubes - nthawi yaitali adagulung'undisa graphite ndege ndi mawonekedwe cylindrical. Kawirikawiri, makulidwe awo ukufika makumi angapo nanometers kuti masentimita angapo yaitali. Kumapeto kwa nanotube ndi ndipamene mutu ozungulira omwe ali mbali imodzi ya fullerene.

Pali mitundu ina ya nanotubes mpweya: zachitsulo ndi semiconducting. Chachikulu kusiyana ndi madutsidwe panopa. Yoyamba titha kuchita panopa pa kutentha 0 ° C, ndipo chachiwiri - yekha pa kutentha okwera.

Mpweya nanotubes: katundu

mumaganiza kwambiri masiku ano monga Akutsatira Chemistry kapena nanotechnology, yogwirizana nanotubes amene ali ndi mpweya chigoba dongosolo. Ndi chiyani icho? Mu dongosolo ili akutanthauza mamolekyulu chachikulu, amene ali inakula yekha mpweya maatomu. Mpweya nanotubes, zomwe ndi zochokera katundu wa chatsekedwa mawonekedwe chipolopolo, amalemekeza kwambiri. Komanso, mapangidwe deta ndi wa mawonekedwe cylindrical. machubu choncho kukonzekera pakubwezeretsa mapepala graphite, kapena kukula kuchokera chothandizira yeniyeni. Mpweya nanotubes, zomwe zithunzi ali pansipa, ndi kapangidwe zachilendo. Iwo anabwera akalumikidzidwa osiyana ndi makulidwe: umodzi-wosanjikiza ndi Mipikisano wosanjikiza, molunjika ndi sinuous. Ngakhale kuti nanotubes ndi wokongola zofooka, ndi chuma wamphamvu. Chifukwa, maphunziro ambiri aona kuti ndi katundu wa chibadidwe monga kwamakokedwe ndi mphamvu flexural. Mu zochita za aakulu makina maganizo, zinthu musawafulumizitse ndi siziboola, ndiye akhoza kusintha kwa voltages osiyana.

kawopsedwe

Chifukwa cha zofufuza angapo, chinapezeka kuti mpweya nanotubes zingayambitse mavuto omwewo monga ulusi asibesitosi, i.e. kukhala zosiyanasiyana zotupa zilonda komanso khansa ya m'mapapo. Mlingo wa chikoka chowawa wa asibesitosi zimadalira mtundu ndi makulidwe ulusi wake. Chifukwa mpweya nanotubes ndi yaing'ono kulemera ndi kukula, iwo mosavuta kulowa m'thupi limodzi ndi mlengalenga. Komanso, iwo amagwa pleura ndi zina mwa chifuwa, ndipo kudzadzetsera zosiyanasiyana zosokonezeka. Asayansi imachitika kuyesera ndipo anawonjezera kuti chakudya cha mbewa particles nanotubes. Zamgululi wa awiri ang'onoang'ono pafupifupi sanakhale thupi, koma zikuluzikulu - amathyola makoma a m'mimba ndi chifukwa matenda osiyanasiyana.

njira kukonzekera

Pakali pano, pali njira zotsatirazi yopangira mpweya nanotubes Arc mlandu, ablation, nthunzi mafunsidwe.

kumaliseche magetsi. Kukonzekera (mpweya nanotubes zafotokozedwa m'nkhani ino) mu madzi a mtengo magetsi, yotentha ndi helium. Chotero ndondomeko akhoza anachita ntchito yapadera zida luso kwa kupanga fullerenes. Koma modes ena Arc ntchito mu njira imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, osalimba panopa amachepetsa, ndi cathodes ntchito thicknesses yaikulu. Kulenga chikhalidwe cha helium n'kofunika kulera mavuto mchitidwe uwu. Mpweya nanotubes akamagwira kupopera. Kuti chiwerengero chawo chawonjezeka, muyenera kulowa graphite ndodo chothandizira. Nthawi zambiri, chisakanizo cha magulu osiyana a zitsulo. Komanso, pali kusintha kuthamanga ndi njira sputtering. Choncho, cathode pellet, ndi mmene nanotubes mpweya anapanga. Latha mankhwala mkuuka perpendicularly ku cathode ndi kusonkhanitsidwa mu mitolo. Iwo ndi kutalika microns 40.

Ablyasatsiya. njira yotero kupangidwa ndi Richard Smalley. Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti osiyana vaporize graphite pamwamba mu riyakitala ndi, ntchito pa kutentha. nanotubes mpweya anapanga ndi evaporation wa graphite mu mmunsi mwa riyakitala lapansi. Yozizira ndi kusonkhanitsa iwo kumachitika mwa pamwamba yozizira. Mbali yoyamba, chiwerengero cha zinthu ndi wofanana ndi 60%, ndiye mu ichi chithunzi njira chinawonjezeka ndi 10%. Mtengo wa laser absolyatsii njira okwera mtengo kusiyana ndi ena onse. Nthawi zambiri, osakwatira, wokhala ndi mpanda nanotubes anawakonzera kusintha kutentha anachita.

The mafunsidwe ku gawo mpweya. mpweya njira nthunzi mafunsidwe kupangidwa mu 50s mochedwa. Koma palibe amene akanatha kuoneratu kuti kudzera n'zotheka kupeza mpweya nanotubes. Choncho, choyamba muyenera kukonzekera padziko chothandizira lapansi. Monga mmene zingakhalire particles bwino zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, cobalt, faifi tambala ndi ena. Nanotubes ayamba kutuluka kuchokera chothandizira wosanjikiza. makulidwe awo zimadalira kukula kwa catalyzing zitsulo. Pamwamba ndi mkangano ndi kutentha, kenako pali kotunga mpweya munali mpweya. Pakati pawo, - .., methane, atsetelen, Mowa, etc. Monga patsogolo ndondomeko mpweya ndi ammonia. njira yopanga ndi nanotubes ambiri. The ndondomeko yokha zikuchitika pa mabizinezi osiyanasiyana mafakitale, moti ndalama zochepa yaikulu kwa kupanga ambiri machubu. Ubwino wina wa njira iyi kuti anthu ofukula akhoza kuwapeza particles aliyense zitsulo kuti atumikire monga chothandizira lapansi. Kukonzekera (mpweya nanotubes akufotokozedwa kumbali zonse) anapanga zikomo zotheka kufufuza Suomi Iijima, amene anaona pansi maso kuti maonekedwe awo chifukwa cha kaphatikizidwe wa kaboni.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya

zinthu mpweya ali m'magulu malinga ndi chiwerengero cha zigawo. Mtundu losavuta - wosakwatiwa mipanda mpweya nanotubes. Aliyense ali ndi makulidwe a 1 nm, ndi kutalika kwake kungakhale koposa. Ngati tikambirana mlathowo mankhwala amaoneka ngati graphite Manga ntchito gululi hexagonal. Mu mfundo yake inali carbons. Choncho, chubu ali ndi mawonekedwe cylindrical, zomwe ziribe matabwa. Kumtunda atseka lids zipangizo ongokhala mamolekyulu fullerene.

Kenako view - multiwall mpweya nanotubes. Iwo amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo graphite kuti zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo mu mawonekedwe a yamphamvu ndi. Mtunda therebetween anakhalabe pa 0,34 nm. Kapangidwe ka mtundu zafotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri. Pa loyamba, Mipikisano chubu - ochepa Mathithiŵa osakwatiwa-khoma chitoliro kuti amaoneka ngati chidole Russian. Mu mphindi chabe, nanotubes Mipikisano mipanda ndi graphite pepala lomwe atakulungidwa kangapo padziko yokha, omwe ndi ofanana ndi nyuzipepala apangidwe.

Mpweya nanotubes: ofunsira

Ndimalonda omwe yatsopano membala wa gulu la nanomaterials. Monga tanenera poyamba, iwo ndi nyama dongosolo lomwe isiyana ndi katundu wa graphite kapena diamondi. Choncho ntchito zambiri kuposa zipangizo zina.

Chifukwa makhalidwe monga kulimba kwamakokedwe, flexural mphamvu, madutsidwe, ntchito m'madera ambiri:

• monga zina kwa ma polima;
• chothandizira zipangizo kuunikira, komanso gulu kusonyezedwa athyathyathya ndipo handsets mu Intaneti telefoni;
• ngati absorber mafunde mu atomu;
• mphamvu kutembenuka;
• anodes mu zosiyanasiyana batire;
• Kusungiramo wa hydrogen;
• wobala masensa ndi capacitors;
• nsanganizo kupanga ndi amveke dongosolo zawo ndi katundu.

Kwa zaka zambiri, nanotubes mpweya, ntchito yomwe si njira yopangira makamaka ntchito mu kafukufuku wa sayansi. nkhani zimenezi ali ndi malo ofooka mu msika, ngati pali mavuto ndi kupanga zikuluzikulu. Mfundo ina yofunika ndi kukwera mtengo kwa nanotubes mpweya umene uli pafupi 120 madola galamu imodzi ya thunthu.

Iwo ntchito monga n'chofunika kwa kupanga nsanganizo ambiri, amene ntchito kupanga katundu ambiri zamasewera. makampani wina -avtomobilestroenie. Functionalization wa nanotubes mpweya mu luso yafupika kupatsa ma polima katundu conductive.

Koyefishienti wa matenthedwe madutsidwe wa nanotubes ndi mkulu zokwanira, kuti ntchito ngati chipangizo yozizira chifukwa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana chachikulu. Komanso iwo apanga zisoti zimene zaikidwa mipope kafukufuku.

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri nthambi monga makompyuta. nanotubes chifukwa makamaka lathyathyathya-gulu kusonyezedwa. Mothandizidwa ndi iwo, inu mukhoza kuchepetsa kukula kwa kompyuta, komanso kuonjezera ntchito zake luso. zida wokonzeka adzakhala kangapo wamkulu kuposa luso panopa. Pamaziko a maphunziro awa, inu mukhoza kulenga mkulu-kinescopes.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, ndi machubu adzakhala ntchito osati zamagetsi, komanso thanzi ndi mphamvu Boma.

kupanga

machubu mpweya, kupanga amene anagawana pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya iwo, wogawana kugawa. Ie, MWNT kubala kwambiri kuposa SWNT. Mtundu wachiwiri wa zochita mwadzidzidzi. Makampani zosiyanasiyana mosalekeza kutulutsa mpweya nanotubes. Koma atawalamula iwo amachita chiyani ntchito, chifukwa iwo ndalama kwambiri.

kupanga atsogoleri

Panopa, udindo waukulu ku ulimi wa nanotubes mpweya wotanganidwa ku Asia, mphamvu kupanga zomwe nthawi kuposa 3 kuposa pamenepa m'mayiko ena a ku ulaya ndi America. Makamaka, ulimi wa MWNT ndi chinkhoswe mu Japan. Koma m'maiko ena, monga Korea ndi China, sanali concede mu chizindikiro ichi.

Yopanga ku Russia

kupanga zoweta nanotubes mpweya ndi utsalira m'mayiko ena. Ndipotu, zonse zimadalira khalidwe la kafukufuku pa nkhani imeneyi. Palibe allocated ndalama zokwanila kuti chitukuko cha sayansi malo mu dziko. anthu ambiri sakuzindikira chitukuko cha nanotechnology, chifukwa sindikudziwa momwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito makampani. Choncho, kusintha kwa watsopano amathamanga chuma njira ndi kovuta.

Choncho, pulezidenti Russian inaika lamulo, akufotokoza chitukuko cha m'madera osiyanasiyana nanotechnology, kuphatikizapo zinthu mpweya. Chifukwa chaichi, pulogalamu yapadera chitukuko analengedwa popanga awo umisiri. Company "Nanotechnologies" analengedwa kuti mfundo zonse kuti anapangidwa ,. uziyenda ake allocated kuchuluka yokulirapo ku bajeti boma. Zinali iye amene ayenera kulamulira kamangidwe, kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa mu ntchito mafakitale nanotubes mpweya. kuchuluka allocated kuthera pa zomwe mabungwe osiyanasiyana kafukufuku ndi Laboratories, komanso mulimbitse zomwe zilipo asayansi zoweta. Komanso, ndalama zimenezi ntchito kugula zida apamwamba kwa kupanga nanotubes mpweya. Iwo ayenera kusamalira anthu zipangizo kuti adzateteza anthu thanzi, kuyambira zinthu amachititsa zosiyanasiyana matenda.

Monga tanenera poyamba, vuto lonse ligona polera ndalama. Makampani ambiri sindikufuna kuti aganyali mu kafukufuku, makamaka kwa nthawi yaitali. mabizinesi onse akufuna kuona phindu koma nano-mukhoza kupita kwa zaka. Ndicho chimene amakankhira oimira mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe. Komanso, popanda ndalama apagulu mokwanira kuyamba kupanga nanomaterials. Vuto lina ndi kupanda yodalirika, popeza palibe mkhalapakati pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana a malonda. Choncho, ulimi mpweya nanotube mu Russia, amene sananene zimafunika osati chuma chokha, komatunso kwa ndalama maganizo. Ngakhale Russia ali kutali ku Asia kuti akupita mu chitukuko cha nanotechnology.

Pakali pano, zikuchitika makampani chinkhoswe mu Dipatimenti mankhwala mayunivesite zosiyanasiyana Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk ndi Kazan. Anthu opanga atongi wa nanotubes mpweya olimba "garnet" ndi Tambov mbewu "Komsomolets".

Zabwino ndi zoipa mbali

Mwa ubwino tingasiyanitsire katundu wapadera wa nanotubes mpweya. Iwo zakuthupi cholimba, chomwe chiri mchikakamizo cha nkhawa mawotchi si anawonongedwa. Komanso, ntchito bwino kupinda ndi kutambasula. Izi zidatheka chifukwa kapangidwe chatsekedwa ya chimango lapansi. ntchito zawo si gawo limodzi. machubu zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu galimoto, zamagetsi, mankhwala ndi mphamvu.

Yaikulu drawback ndi kungasokoneze thanzi la munthu. Tinthu nanotubes kulowa m'thupi la munthu, kungadzutse zotupa zilonda ndi khansa.

Kofunika kwambiri ndi ndalama za gawo lino. Anthu ambiri safuna kuti aganyali sayansi, monga muyenera Nthawi zambiri phindu. Ndipo popanda kugwira ntchito kafukufuku Laboratories sangakhale chitukuko cha nanotechnology.

Pomaliza

Mpweya nanotubes zimapezeka mu umisiri wotsogola. Akatswiri ambiri kulosera za kukula kwa ntchito imeneyi zaka kudza. Padzakhala kuwonjezeka kwambiri mphamvu kupanga umene kuchepetsa ndalama katundu. Ndi kuchepa mu mitengo, chubu adzakhala kufunika kwake, ndiponso adzakhala chuma irreplaceable zipangizo zambiri ndi zida.

Kotero, ife tinapeza chimene chimapanga mankhwala amenewa.