History of ndikuyenda: zikamera ndi kukula

mbiri ndikuyenda ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi zakuthambo, chifukwa mavuto a sayansi wakale, asayansi anayamba kufufuza ubale wa zosintha osiyana mu makona a.

Chibwenzi ndikuyenda ndi yaying'ono-masamu, kuphunzira ubale khalidwe kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ndi utali wa m'mbali mwa Triangles, komanso monga amachitira ndi kusanthula mayina algebraic ntchito trigonometric.

Mawu akuti "ndikuyenda"

Mawu akuti, amene anapereka dzina gawo lino la masamu, chinapezeka koyamba mu mutu wa buku la Mlembi ndi German masamu Pitiskusa mu 1505. Mawu "ndikuyenda" ndi lochokera Greek ndi amatanthauza "kuyeza kansalu." Kukhala yokwanira bwino, si gawo lenileni la chithunzi ichi, koma za chisankho chake, ndiko kuzindikira makhalidwe a zanyengo osadziwika ntchito kudziwika.

General zokhudza ndikuyenda

mbiri ndikuyenda anayamba zaka zoposa ziwiri zapitazo. Poyamba, pakuwonekera kwake anali kugwirizana ndi kusowa kudziwa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino za kansalu ndi makulidwe. Pa kafukufuku chinapezeka kuti mawu akuti masamu ubale izi liyenela kukhazikitsa ntchito yapadera trigonometric kuti poyambirira opangidwa kuchokera ngati tebulo lapadera.

Pakuti anagwirizana sayansi ambiri ndi masamu kutsogolera chitukuko cha ndikuyenda zinafika mbiri. mayunitsi Origin ngodya muyeso (madigiri) amagwirizana ndi asayansi kafukufuku wa Babulo, zachokera dongosolo sexagesimal wa mawerengedwe, amene wafunsira masiku a decimal, ntchito sayansi ambiri ntchito.

Amaganiza kuti poyamba anakhala mbali ya ndikuyenda zakuthambo. Kenako anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zomangamanga. Ndipo pa nthawi, panali phindu la sayansi zosiyanasiyana za zochita za anthu. Izi, makamaka, zakuthambo, nyanja ndi mpweya navigation, zowulutsira, Optics, zamagetsi, zomangamanga ndi ena.

Ndikuyenda mu zaka oyambirira

Itsogolela deta sayansi pa zotsalira kupulumuka ofufuza anapeza kuti mbiri ya zikamera wa ndikuyenda zimagwiritsa ntchito Greek zakuthambo Hipparchus, amene poyamba anali kulingalira pa kupeza njira yothetsera Triangles (ozungulira). ntchito zake za 2 m'ma BC.

Ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti nthawi ili kudziwa chiŵerengero cha miyendo ndi hypotenuse mu kansalu bwino lomwe kenako linatchedwa Pythagorean Lingaliro Lovomerezeka.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha ndikuyenda mu Greece wakale amagwirizana ndi dzina la zakuthambo Ptolemy - woyambitsa dongosolo geocentric wa dziko ankakhalira pamaso Copernicus.

zakuthambo Greek sanali kudziwika sine, cosine ndi tangent. Iwo anagwiritsa ntchito matebulo kupeza mtengo wa poyambira pa bwalo ntchito Arc contractible. The mayunitsi wa muyeso anali madigiri poyambira, maminiti ndi masekondi. digiri wina anali wofanana sixtieth gawo utali wozungulira.

Komanso, maphunziro a Agiriki akale analimbikitsa chitukuko cha ndikuyenda ozungulira. Makamaka, Euclid wake "Zochitika" Lingaliro Lovomerezeka amatsogolera pa regularities magawanidwe buku la mipira ya diameters zosiyanasiyana. ntchito zake m'munda umenewu akhala ngati mopupuluma kuti chitukuko cha madera ndi pafupi chidziwitso. Izi, makamaka, sayansi ya zida zakuthambo, chiphunzitso cha zolosera mapu, lakumwamba ntchito dongosolo, ndi zina zotero. D.

Ages Middle: kuphunzira asayansi Indian

patsogolo chidwi akwaniritsa akale Indian zakuthambo. Imfa ya sayansi wakale m'zaka IV zinachititsa kuti kosangalatsa mu chitukuko cha masamu mu India.

Mbiri ya zikamera wa ndikuyenda monga gawo osiyana Zochita, masamu idayamba Middle Ages. Ndi pamene asayansi m'malo m'njira za m'mphuno poyambira. kupezeka amaloledwa kulowamo ntchito zokhudza maphunziro mbali ndi kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino za kansalu bwino. Ndiko kuti, anali ndiye chiyambi kupatukana ndi ndikuyenda kwa zakuthambo, kukhala nthambi ya masamu.

Tebulo loyamba sines anali Aryabhata, iwo anatsekeredwa ^{3 4 5.} Kenako, panali Mabaibulo mwatsatanetsatane magome: makamaka, Bhaskara anatsogolera kudzera sine tebulo ^1.

Woyamba apadera lonena za ndikuyenda anaonekera X-XI atumwi. Mlembi wake anali ku Central Asia katswiri al-Biruni. A wolemba akale kwambiri chimakula mwa ntchito yake yaikulu "The Canon Mas'ud" (Buku III), mu ndikuyenda tebulo la sines (mu increments 15 ') ndi gome la tangents (mu increments wa 1 °).

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha ndikuyenda mu Europe

Pambuyo kulanda Mfundo Arab ku Latin (XII-XIII c) kwambiri maganizo a asayansi Indian ndi Persian anali anabwereka sayansi European. Kutchula koyamba za ndikuyenda a XII atumwi ku Europe.

Ofufuza za mbiri ya ndikuyenda mu Europe kugwirizana ndi dzina la England Richard Wallingford, amene anali mlembi wa ntchito "Zinayi wa lonena pa makodi mwachindunji ndi kukalowa." Kuti ntchito yake inali ntchito koyamba kuti kwathunthu zoyenera ndikuyenda. Pofika m'zaka XV, olemba zambiri mu mabuku awo amatchula ntchito trigonometric.

History of ndikuyenda nthawi Chatsopano

Masiku ano, asayansi ambiri anakhala kufunika kuweruza ndikuyenda osati zakuthambo nyenyezi, komanso mbali zina za moyo. Ndi, Choyamba, zida zankhondo, Optics panyanja pa ulendo wautali panyanja. Choncho, mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVI, mutu uyu chidwi ndi anthu ambiri otchuka a nthawi imeneyo, kuphatikizapo Nikolaya Kopernika, Ioganna Keplera, Fransua Vieta. Copernicus anatenga ndikuyenda machaputala angapo a buku lake "Pa Revolutions wa muzochitika Kumwamba" (1543). Kenako, mu 60s wa atumwi XVI, Retik - wophunzira wa Copernicus - chifukwa mu "Kuwala Part wa Astronomy" pyatnadtsatiznachnye matebulo trigonometric.

Fransua việt mu "masamu ovomerezeka" (1579) amapereka zambiri komanso mwadongosolo, ngakhale unproven, khalidwe la athyathyathya ndipo ozungulira ndikuyenda. Ndipo Albrecht Dürer anali sinusoid kupyolera mwa amene anabadwa.

Nyota Leonarda Eylera

Kupereka ndikuyenda zili ano ndi mtundu wa ngongole anali Leonarda Eylera. Sysytem "Kuyamba kwa kusanthula wopandamalire" (1748) lili ndi tanthauzo la mawu akuti "ntchito trigonometric" imene ili zofanana ano. Choncho, wasayansi kuzindikira ntchito osiyanitsidwa. Koma si onse.

Tanthauzo ntchito trigonometric pa mzere weniweni chaonekera zikomo zotheka kufufuza Euler osati chovomerezeka kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino zoipa, koma kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino Bole 360 °. Iyo inali nthawi yoyamba lakhala m'mabuku ake kuti cosine ndi tangent kwa mlingo woyenerera zoipa. Kukula kwa cosine lonse ndi sine analinso mtengo wa sayansi iyi. Chiphunzitso ambiri ija trigonometric ndi kuphunzira kwa mgwirizano ija analandira si zinthu za zofufuza Euler a. Komabe, ntchito pa yankho la mavuto ena, iye apeza zinthu zambiri m'munda umenewu. Izo zinali mwa ntchito yake anapitiriza ndi mbiri ya ndikuyenda. Mwachidule mu zolemba zake, iye anayankha mafunso ndi ozungulira ndikuyenda.

Mapulogalamu ndikuyenda

Ndikuyenda si chikugwirizana ndi sayansi ntchito, mu moyo weniweni wa tsiku ndi tsiku kuti sikawirikawiri ntchito ntchito. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi sasiya kufunika kwake. Nkofunika, Mwachitsanzo, triangulation njira kuti amalola zakuthambo molondola kwambiri kuyeza mtunda nyenyezi okonda ndi kuwunika navigation machitidwe Kanema.

Komanso, ndikuyenda ntchito panyanja, chiphunzitso music, zowulutsira, Optics, kusanthula misika ndalama, zamagetsi, Mwina chiphunzitso, ziwerengero zamoyo, mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, mu chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti ultrasound ultrasound ndi yopangidwa tomography), pharmaceutics, umagwirira, chiphunzitso nambala seismology, meteorology , oceanography, mapu, m'madera ambiri a sayansi, zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi geodesy, zomangamanga, phonetics, zachuma, zamagetsi, makina zomangamanga, kompyuta zithunzi, crystallography, ndi zina zotero. d. mbiri ya ndikuyenda ndi udindo wake mowerengera enii zachilengedwe ndi masamu sayansi ndi kuphunzira lero. Mwina m'tsogolo, ntchito yake idzakhala kwambiri.

Chiyambi cha mfundo zazikulu

Mbiri ya zikamera ndi kukula kwa ndikuyenda ali oposa zaka. Mawu oyamba mwa mfundo kuti maziko a chigawo ichi cha masamu, komanso sanali panthawiyi.

Choncho, mfundo "tchimo" kale kwambiri. Kutchulidwa kwa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za ubale wa Triangles ndi mabwalo akupezeka ngakhale mu ntchito ya sayansi, chibwenzi kuchokera BC III atumwi. Ntchito za akatswiri ena kwambiri wakale ngati Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius wa Pega, kale muli phunziro loyamba ubale izi. Latsopano atulukira kufunika ena kusintha terminological. Choncho, Indian wasayansi Aryabhata amapereka poyambira dzina la "Jiva" kutanthauza "bowstring". Pamene Arab malemba masamu ikumasuliridwa Latin, mawu pafupi m'malo mwa mtengo sine (m. E. "Bend").

Mawu "cosine" inatulutsidwa mochedwa kwambiri. Mawu amenewa ndi chidule cha Latin akuti "sine zina".

Zadzidzidzi tangents kugwirizana ndi decoding vuto adziwe kutalika kwa mthunzi. Mawu akuti "tangent" unayamba mu X atumwi Arab masamu Abu al-Wafa, gawo la matebulo choyamba kudziwa tangent ndi cotangent. Koma asayansi European sankadziwa za zipambano izi. German masamu ndi zakuthambo Regimontan rediscovers mfundo izi mu 1467, umboni wa Lingaliro Lovomerezeka la tangents - ngongole yake. A anamasulira akuti "olimbikitsa."