Kodi zotsatira atulukira chirengedwe chiyani?

Kumapeto kwa Middle Ages European patsogolo zamakono zachititsa kuti zikamera wa latsopano zida navigation ndi sitima imene amalinyero ya World Old anayamba kutsegula m'dziko latsopano. Maphunziro awa zinachititsa kuti kusintha kwakukulu muzochitika zones za moyo wa munthu.

The Kugonjetsedwa kwa Dziko Latsopano

Chiyambi cha nyengo ya atulukira kwambiri Hrs ankaona mu 1492, pamene Hristofor Kolumb anapeza America. Lonse la Dziko Latsopano anatsimikizidwa ndi zinthu Spanish. Galimoto European mayiko kunja anali kupeza ndalama ndi chuma zikusowa, kuphatikizapo zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. ubwenzi anzawo kuti America wopangidwa ndi zotsatira loyamba la Great akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale Geographical. Spanish colonizers mwankhanza awonongedwe anthu zamakolo kapena kudera anachita akapolo. mfundo zimene zimawononga kuti chitukuko cha Africa lonse.

Zaka 150 kuyambira maonekedwe a alendo America, anthu zakwawoko anachepetsedwa pafupifupi 15 nthawi. Wamphamvu wamwamuna anthu Anakaŵeta kwa migodi, kumene iwo ankagwira ntchito zinthu woipa mtima. Choncho, utachepa chonde ndi adzitsitsa mitundu ya ulimi chikhalidwe. zotsatira zina zoipa atulukira Hrs - miliri zonse za matenda oopsa Ulaya Amwenye.

Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu zakwawoko of America

Mu zaka za m'ma XVI ku Spain anayamba sselyat am'deralo m'midzi yapadera yomwe ili pafupi ndi migodi ya. Anthu amenewa ayenera kuti anali, pa dzanja limodzi, kugwira ntchito anthu, ndi pa zina - kufunafuna chakudya cha mabanja awo. The kuchuluka kwa Spain kumudzi anali ochepa. Pang'onopang'ono anapanga stratum wapadera wa anthu - Ulaya kale anabadwira ku America, ndipo pafupifupi analibe kugwirizana ndi dziko mayi. Anthu awa otchedwa Creoles. umunthu wawo ukhale kuyamika chakuti anakhalapo wocheza ndi Amwenye.

Chiwerengero wakume- linasokoneza pa nthawi. Mbisoweka lonse mafuko, ndi mafuko. zinenero Local n'kuyamba Spanish. Kuwonjezera Creole, gulu la mestizos - mbadwa za mabanja wosanganiza pakati pa Ulaya ndi Amwenye. Mu XVII m'ma anayamba zoterezi ndi mlendo wakuda anthu amene anaonekera mu America chifukwa cha malonda ogulitsa akapolo. Kunadzetsa mulatto a. Makamaka zazikulu dera lawo anatuluka mu Caribbean, kuphatikizapo Cuba ndi Haiti, kumene munda chuma amachuluka.

mtundu cauldron

mitundu yonse (Indians ku Ulaya mulattos, mestizos, negros, Creoles) pali chatsekedwa, iwo zimasiyana Chrixitu mu udindo wawo ndi chikhalidwe. Kupezeka kwa mitundu wakhala mulibe malamulo a Ufumu wa Spain. Zotsatira za atulukira malo osiyanasiyana ndipo anaona kuti udindo watsopano atsamunda anthu amene amacheza anatsimikiza ndi mtundu wake ndiponso fuko.

Wachibale ufulu wonse kwa azungu analandira Creoles yekha. Mestizos, Mosiyana, sanathe eni dziko, ndi chida kukhala m'deralo, ngakhale kuti analibe kutumikira utumiki wawo ntchito. Disenfranchised onse anali Amwenye.

zachikunja

Chiyambi cha nkhani, zotsatira za Great akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale Geographical - zonsezi akhoza kuchita popanda chikoka cha mpingo pa kutsegula European la Chile. Apwitikizi ndi Spain anali oyamba mokakamiza amalowerera Chikatolika mu zigawo anagonjetsa of America. Ansembe mwadala kuononga osati miyambo yachikunja, koma chikhalidwe wa anthu zakwawoko la Dziko Latsopano. Aonongedwa zipilala wakale ndi zizindikiro zina zakale Chikristu chisanayambe.

Kulankhula mavuto kuthamanga Mpingo wa atulukira enieni mbiri ya zomwe kwa zaka zambiri, kuti amatipatsa Zionetsero ndi kukana kwa Amitundu. zachiwawa zonse amakakamizidwa ansembe komanso mabishopu zingapo kusintha malamulo ake, kupanga izo lililonse limatisokoneza ndi zambiri kumangosokoneza mgwirizano. mwanjira ina, koma chikhalidwe Indian, m'mene adapitilira ndi kukana lowopsya la azungu akadali anapulumuka ndi osungidwa.

opaleshoni wakuda

New World anali kwa azungu gwero la ndalama yaikulu chuma. Pakuti m'zigawo awo ndi kupanga zochuluka akapolo. Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, anthu American chisoni yafupika. Ang'ono akapolo Indians sanathe kukumana zokhumba metropolises.

The njira za nkhondo anali ndi zikamera wa transatlantic malonda a akapolo. Mu zaka za m'ma XVI, izo wapanga dongosolo lonse kugwila akapolo mu Africa West ndi mayendedwe awo America (makamaka Brazil, Colombia, ndi Caribbean Islands ndi a US kum'mwera). Ambiri zimagulitsidwa ku beseni ndi Congo.

polimbana ukapolo

Kusanthula mmene atulukira Hrs (kalasi 7), akukhala pa nkhaniyi, zomwe sizodabwitsa mukamawerenga lonse la zimene zikuchitika kwa zaka zambiri. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana yokakamiza kuthamangitsidwa wa zaka 400 wakhala pansi ena 17 miliyoni anthu. The United Nations amaona transatlantic kapolo malonda monga mmodzi wa kuyan'anila zazikulu kwambiri za ufulu wa anthu mu mbiri.

Kuthana ndi nkhanza akuda anayamba m'zaka XVIII. Mu England, mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu oyamba, amene anauza anthu za zovuta za moyo zinalengedwa akapolo. maganizo ofooketsa ukapolo ndi Quakers la America. Zinthu zinasintha pambuyo wotchuka Chikiliyo kapolo kupanduka. Zinatha zaka khumi ndi zitatu (1791-1804 gg.). Pomaliza, akuluakulu French kuti anavomereza kugonjetsedwa ndi anapatsa njuchi ufulu.

chiyembekezo chakuti

mphamvu zina European anachita zomwe zachitika mu Haiti osamala. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti kuchuluka kwa akapolo kokha kukulitsa vuto la America ndipo zidzapangitsa kuti nkhondo mosalekeza. Against amenewa transatlantic kapolo malonda anamukwiyira pang'onopang'ono phased kunja. Komabe, m'madera ena a dongosolo akale adzathetsedwa Movutikira.

Mu US, malonda a akapolo linathetsedwa mu 1807. Komabe, utsalira ukapolo kwambiri. Iwo potsiriza anathetsa yekha m'ma 1860. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, United States ankayenera kudutsamo zachuma kenako asilikali nkhondo kumpoto mafakitale ndi kum'mwera Loyamba limati kapolo, anakhetsa mu nkhondo yoopsayo boma. malonda Last akapolo ku Africa mu 1888, linathetsedwa mu Brazil.

zotsatira zachuma

Ena mwa zotsatira za atulukira chirengedwe zinachititsa kuti kusintha osati kamodzi, koma pa sikelo ya mibadwo ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, iwo limodzi ndi ena zinthu zina aononga European feudalism, amene anadza m'malo bizinesi. Mugone Market apanga kuyambira chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha zinthu anagulitsa. Zinali zina Asian zakudya American chuma.

Aliyense makampani kwambiri malonda, ndi mphamvu yaikulu apanyanja anayamba kupikisana ndi mzake osati nkhondo komanso chuma. Chotero zotsatira za atulukira malo osiyanasiyana monga "mtengo zisinthe" mu Europe m'zaka XVI, pamene iwo ananyamuka ndi 400%, anatembenuka mavuto azandale mzinda wa. opambana maiko ndi chitukuko cha ulimi chofunika (England ndi Netherlands). Pang'onopang'ono, iwo anakhomerera kuti m'misika kwa zaka maufumu atsamunda (Portugal ndi Spain), lomwe munafika kuchepa lalikulu.

Kusintha makampani

M'midzi anakhala capacious kunja msika mafakitale. kusintha zinachititsa kuti vuto la guilds akale, sangathe kukumana kufunika kuchuluka. Mu malo ya malonda wachikulireyu anabwera capitalist kupanga. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito nsoka wa ntchito, kuti ndithu kuwonjezera sikelo ya ulimi. Data kutembenuza Chifukwa ndende ya likulu ndi mapangidwe bourgeoisie.

Zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za atulukira chirengedwe apindula mayiko lina ku Ulaya ndipo kwambiri kuonongeka kwa ena. Choncho, zikamera wa msika US kuchepetsa kufunika malonda mu Mediterranean, kuti nkhonya chowawa m'mizinda Italy. Iwo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu Ages Middle dziko la Venice ndi Genoa, sanali kumusamalira.

malo misika yatsopano

Kuchokera m'mizinda Italy udindo malo mayiko apanyanja malonda anasamukira ku Seville, Lisbon ndi Antwerp. Chitsanzo cha doko izi Dutch makamaka kuwulula. M'zaka za m'ma XV, Antwerp wakhala mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa malonda a English nsalu, Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani zitsulo ubweya. Anatulukira wa maiko atsopano ku doko Dutch wa lolunjika malonda katundu atsamunda ndi zonunkhira.

Antwerp anakhala chimake cha ndalama European. maudindo awo chinatseguka mabanki ndi wamalonda onse Makampani a World Old. Palinso anatuluka ndi katundu kuwombola. zotsatira Kwambiri atulukira chirengedwe Maonekedwe yopereka dongosolo chofunika ngongole malonda. Panali sheya wamakono: kumangidwa, zolemba promissory ndi magawo.

Bizinesi m'malo feudalism

Small m'dera Netherlands Pasanapite dziko ambiri olemera mu Europe. kachitidwe kawo capitalist anali aluso ang'onoang'ono (ankaikira Spain ndi Portugal). Woyamba maufumu atsamunda analandira phindu lalikulu, koma kuvulaza yocheza iwo zomwe zili apamwamba ndi nyumba yachifumu. Amapondereza zatsopano atsamunda a ku Britain ndi Dutch ufulu amalonda anathandiza mayiko awo kuti akhale olemera ndi wotchuka kwambiri madera a masiku ano.

Columbian kuwombola

Mu tsiku ndi tsiku wamba ku Ulaya zotsatira za Great akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale Geographical akhudzidwa kwambiri mwa njira yotero kuti World Old, latsopano alendo mankhwala: khofi, koko, fodya, phwetekere, mbatata, tiyi ndi zonunkhira. Kupita nyama, zomera, umisiri, ndi zina zomwe chikhalidwe cha mbali zina za dziko kwa ena ankatchedwa nzeru Columbus.

Mu America, chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi, panali ng'ombe, mahatchi, nkhosa, tirigu, khofi, thonje, mzimbe ndi zina zotero .. mitundu ina kusamukira m'mayiko ena mwangozi. Zikuphatikizapo makoswe, Colorado kafadala, ena namsongole. Akuyesera kuti afotokoze chomwe mapeto a Great atulukira Hrs miyoyo ya Europe, asayansi anayambitsa latsopano akuti: ". Neophyte" Izi ndi dzina zomera zimene zinatuluka wina kwa zomera ndi chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Choncho, zotsatira za atulukira enieni tebulo pansipa lomwe limasonyeza, anasonyeza muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za moyo.

utsamunda

Chifukwa kugonjetsa atsamunda, mayiko a ku Ulaya anayamba kulamulira ambiri adziko lapansi. Choncho panali yandale yatsopano kuti - utsamunda. umunthu wake woyamba anali Spain. Kuwononga boma lowopsya la Ainka ndi Aaziteki, kuti kwachitika ake, kulenga mwa chuma chawo American okhwima kukakamizidwa ndi dongosolo ntchito yaukapolo.

Ndiye chitsanzo Spanish anatumikira monga zinachitika kwa mfundo Dutch atsamunda, Great Britain, France ndi ku mayiko ena. Anawononga anthu ameneŵa, ndi kuthetseratu zipembedzo. Azungu anagonjetsa zonse za dziko kupatula Middle East ndi Asia East. M'dera anakhalabe Chichaina, ndi Chijapani chitukuko. mayiko awiriwa nthawi anayesera kuti atenge njira ya isolationism ndi colonizers aukali.

Zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za Great akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale Geographical redrew mapu ndale za dzikoli. Atsamunda ufumu anapitiriza kukhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Otsiriza a iwo anapatsidwa ufulu anagonjetsa maiko (makamaka Africa) mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XX.